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6 good reasons why you should buy this new edition of The Heritage of World Civilizations, Brief
Fifth Edition
1 This edition is tied more closely than ever to the innovative website, MyHistoryLab, which
helps you save time and improve results as you study history (www.myhistorylab.com).
Improved MyHistoryLab icons appear in the textbook, alerting you to important connections
between the textbook and MyHistoryLab resources. At the end of each chapter you will find a
MyHistoryLab Connections table. These tables provide a checklist of the most important
MyHistoryLab resources related to the chapter, facilitating the integrated study of the textbook
and the website.
2 Each chapter includes a new feature called “A Closer Look,” which provides in-depth
commentary on visual sources in world history. This feature teaches you to view photos,
paintings, and other illustrations as historical documents. Each feature concludes with
questions that encourage you to focus on important issues raised within the feature.
3 Chapter 11 features expanded coverage of the Byzantine Empire, including discussions of
Byzantine imperial power in the 10th century, the importance of Constantinople, and
Byzantium’s impact on Islam.
4 In Chapter 13, coverage of Mesoamerica has been expanded significantly, including extensive
new discussions of Mesoamerican ballgames, Olmec culture and civilization, Teotihuacán, and
the Maya. Coverage of the Aztecs, the Moche, and the Inca Empire has also been greatly
expanded.
5 Coverage of early Korean and Vietnamese history, which was spread between two chapters in
the Brief Fourth Edition (Chapters 9 and 19), has been consolidated in Chapter 18 of the Brief
Fifth Edition in order to create a more logical text flow. Chapter 9 now focuses exclusively on
early Japanese history.
6 The last three chapters (Chapters 31, 32, and 33) carry the narrative through important recent
events in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East.
COMBINED VOLUME
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Brief Fifth Edition
ALBERT M. CRAIG
Harvard University
WILLIAM A. GRAHAM
Harvard University
DONALD KAGAN
Yale University
STEVEN OZMENT
Harvard University
FRANK M. TURNER
Yale University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The heritage of world civilizations / Albert M. Craig… [et al.]. -- Brief 5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-205-83549-2 (combined edition : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-205-83548-5 (volume 1 : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-205-83547-8 (volume 2 : alk. paper)
1. Civilization--History--Textbooks. I. Craig, Albert M. II. Title.
CB69.H45 2011
909--dc22
2011005330
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
www.pearsonhighered.com
Combined Volume
ISBN-10: 0-205-83549-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83549-2
Exam Copy
ISBN-10: 0-205-05254-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-05254-7
Volume 1
ISBN-10: 0-205-83548-1
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83548-5
Volume 1 a la Carte
ISBN-10: 0-205-05226-6
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-05226-4
Volume 2
ISBN-10: 0-205-83547-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83547-8
Volume 2 a la Carte
ISBN: 0-205-05256-8
ISBN: 978-0-205-05256-1
Brief Contents
Part 1
Human Origins and Early Civilizations to 500 B.C.E.
1 The Birth of Civilization
2 Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion
Part 2
Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World, 1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.
3 Greek and Hellenistic Civilization
4 West Asia, Inner Asia, and South Asia to 1000 C.E.
5 Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E.
6 Republican and Imperial Rome
7 China’s First Empire, 221 B.C.E.–589 C.E.
Part 3
Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.
8 Imperial China, 589–1368
9 Early Japanese History
10 The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622–1000
11 The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000
12 The Islamic World, 1000–1500
13 Ancient Civilizations of the Americas
14 Africa, ca. 1000–1700
15 Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance
Part 4
The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850
16 Europe 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars
17 Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy
18 East Asia in the Late Traditional Era
19 State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe
20 The Last Great Islamic Empires, 1500–1800
Part 5
Enlightenment and Revolution in the Atlantic World, 1700–1850
21 The Age of European Enlightenment
22 Revolutions in the Transatlantic World
23 Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America
Part 6
Into the Modern World, 1815–1949
24 Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society, 1815–1914
25 Latin America from Independence to the 1940s
26 India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa, 1800–1945
27 Modern East Asia
Part 7
Global Conflict and Change, 1900–Present
28 Imperialism and World War I
29 Depression, Europepan Dictators, and the American New Deal
30 World War II
31 The West Since World War II
32 East Asia: The Recent Decades
33 Postcolonialism and Beyond: Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
Contents
DOCUMENTS
MAPS
PREFACE
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Part 1
Human Origins and Early Civilizations to 500 B.C.E.
1
The Birth of Civilization
CHAPTER
Early Humans and Their Culture
Global Perspective: Civilizations
The Paleolithic Age
The Neolithic Age
The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization
Early Civilizations in the Middle East to About 1000 B.C.E.
Mesopotamian Civilization
A Closer Look: Babylonian World Map
Egyptian Civilization
Ancient Near Eastern Empires
The Hittites
The Kassites
The Mitannians
The Assyrians
The Second Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Babylonians
Early Indian Civilization
The Indus Civilization
The Vedic Aryan Civilization
Early Chinese Civilization
Neolithic Origins in the Yellow River Valley
Early Bronze Age: The Shang
Late Bronze Age: The Western Zhou
Iron Age: The Eastern Zhou
The Rise of Civilization in the Americas
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
2
Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion
CHAPTER
Comparing the Four Great Revolutions
Global Perspective: Philosophy and Religion
Philosophy in China
Confucianism
Daoism
Legalism
Religion in India
“Hindu” and “Indian”
Historical Background
The Upanishadic Worldview
Mahavira and the Jain Tradition
The Buddha’s Middle Path
A Closer Look: Statue of Siddhartha Gotama as Fasting Ascetic (Second Century C.E.)
The Religion of the Israelites
From Hebrew Nomads to the Israelite Nation
The Monotheistic Revolution
Greek Philosophy
Reason and the Scientific Spirit
Political and Moral Philosophy
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Religions of the World: Judaism
Part 2
Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World, 1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.
3
Greek and Hellenistic Civilization
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: The Achievements of Greek and Hellenistic Civilization
Minoans, Mycenaeans, and the Greek “Middle Ages” to ca. 750 B.C.E.
The Minoans
The Mycenaeans
The Age of Homer
The Polis in the Expanding Greek World
Development of the Polis
The Hoplite Phalanx
Greek Colonies
The Tyrants (ca. 700–500 B.C.E.)
Life in Archaic Greece
Society
Religion
The Alphabet
Poetry
The Poleis and the Persian Wars
Development of Sparta
Development of Athens
The Persian Wars
War Comes to Greece
A Closer Look: The Trireme
Classical Greece
The Delian League
The First Peloponnesian War
The Athenian Empire and Democracy
Women of Athens
The Great Peloponnesian War
Struggle for Greek Leadership
Classical Culture
Emergence of the Hellenistic World
Macedonian Conquest
Alexander’s Conquests
Death of Alexander
Hellenistic Culture
Philosophy
Literature
Architecture and Sculpture
Mathematics and Science
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
4
West Asia, Inner Asia, and South Asia to 1000 C.E.
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: Indo-Iranian Roles in the Eurasian World before Islam
WEST AND INNER ASIA
Ancient Background and the First Persian Empire in the Iranian Plateau (550–330 B.C.E.)
The Elamites
The Iranian Peoples
Ancient Iranian Religion
Zoroaster and the Zoroastrian Tradition
The Achaemenids
The Achaemenid State
The Achaemenid Economy
Successor States and Steppe Peoples
The Seleucid Successors to Alexander in the East (c. 312–63 B.C.E.)
The Parthian Arsacid Empire (ca. 247 B.C.E.–223 C.E.)
The Indo-Greeks
Scythians and Kushans
The Sasanid Empire (224–651 C.E.)
The Sasanids
Society and Economy
Religion
Later Sasanid Developments
SOUTH ASIA
The First Indian Empire: The Mauryas (321–185 B.C.E.)
Political Background
The Mauryas
A Closer Look: Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath
The Consolidation of Indian Civilization (ca. 200 B.C.E.–300 C.E.)
The Economic Base
High Culture
Religion and Society
The Golden Age of the Guptas (ca. 320–550 C.E.)
Gupta Rule
Gupta Culture
Religion and Society
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Religions of the World: Hinduism
5
Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E.
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: “Traditional” Peoples and Nontraditional Histories
Issues of Interpretation, Sources, and Disciplines
The Question of “Civilization”
Source Issues
History and Disciplinary Boundaries
Physical Description of the Continent
African Peoples
Africa and Early Human Culture
Diffusion of Languages and Peoples
“Race” and Physiological Variation
The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning of the Common Era
Early Saharan Cultures
Neolithic Sudanic Cultures
The Early Iron Age and the Nok Culture
Nilotic Africa and the Ethiopian Highlands
The Kingdom of Kush
The Napatan Empire
The Meroitic Empire
The Aksumite Empire
Isolation of Christian Ethiopia
The Western and Central Sudan
Agriculture, Trade, and the Rise of Urban Centers
Formation of Sudanic Kingdoms in the First Millennium
Central, Southern, and East Africa
Bantu Expansion and Diffusion
The Khoisan and Twa Peoples
East Africa
A Closer Look: Four Rock Art Paintings from Tassili n-Ajjer (4000–2000 B.C.E.)
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
6
Republican and Imperial Rome
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: Republican and Imperial Rome
Italy Before Rome
Royal Rome
Government
Family
Clientage
Patricians and Plebeians
The Republic
Constitution
A Closer Look: Lictors
The Struggle of the Orders
Conquest of Italy
Rome and Carthage
The Republic’s Conquest of the Hellenistic World
Greek Cultural Influence
Roman Imperialism
Aftermath of Conquest
The Gracchi
Marius and Sulla
War against the Italian Allies (90–88 B.C.E.)
Sulla’s Dictatorship
Arts and Letters of the Late Republic
The Fall of the Republic and the Augustan Principate
Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar
First Triumvirate and the Dictatorship of Julius Caesar
Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian
The Augustan Principate
Augustan Administration, Army, and Defense
Religion and Morality
The Golden Age of Roman Literature
Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome
Administration of the Empire
Culture of the Early Empire
Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House
The Rise of Christianity
Jesus of Nazareth
Paul of Tarsus
Organization
Persecution of Christians
Emergence of Catholicism
Rome as a Center of the Early Church
The Third and Fourth Centuries: Crisis and Late Empire
Military Reorganization
Economic, Social, and Political Costs of Defense
Preservation of Classical Culture
The Late Empire: Diocletian to Constantine
Triumph of Christianity
Christian Writers
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
7
China’s First Empire, 221 B.C.E.–589 C.E.
CHAPTER
Qin Unification of China
Global Perspective: China’s First Empire
Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.–8 C.E.)
The Dynastic Cycle
Early Years of the Former Han Dynasty
A Closer Look: The Terra-Cotta Army of the First Qin Emperor
Han Wudi
The Xiongnu
Government during the Former Han
The Silk Road
Decline and Usurpation
Later Han (25–220 C.E.) and Its Aftermath
First Century
Decline during the Second Century
Aftermath of Empire
Han Thought and Religion
Han Confucianism
History
Neo-Daoism
Buddhism
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Part 3
Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E.
8
Imperial China, 589–1368
CHAPTER
Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties
The Sui Dynasty
Global Perspective: Imperial China
The Tang Dynasty
The Tang Empire
Tang Culture
A Closer Look: A Tang Painting of the Goddess of Mercy
Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty (960–1279)
Agricultural Revolution of the Song: From Serfs to Free Farmers
Commercial Revolution of the Song
Government: From Aristocracy to Autocracy
Song Culture
China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368)
Rise of the Mongol Empire
Mongol Rule in China
Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture
Last Years of the Yuan
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
9
Early Japanese History
CHAPTER
Japanese Origins
The Jōmon, Japan’s Old Stone Age
The Yayoi Revolution
Global Perspective: East Asia
Tomb Culture, the Yamato State, and Korea
Religion in Early Japan
Nara and Heian Japan
Court Government
People, Land, and Taxes
Rise of the Samurai
Aristocratic Culture and Buddhism
Chinese Tradition in Japan
Birth of Japanese Literature
Nara and Heian Buddhism
Japan’s Early Feudal Age
The Kamakura Era
The Mongols
The Question of Feudalism
The Ashikaga Era
A Closer Look: The East Meets the East
Women in Warrior Society
Agriculture, Commerce, and Medieval Guilds
Buddhism and Medieval Culture
Japanese Pietism: Pure Land and Nichiren Buddhism
Zen Buddhism
Nō Plays
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Religions of the World: Buddhism
10
The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622–1000
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: The Early Islamic Worlds of Arab and Persian Cultures
Origins and Early Development
The Setting
Muhammad and the Qur’an
Women in Early Islamic Society
Early Islamic Conquests
Course of Conquest
Factors of Success
The New Islamic World Order
The Caliphate
The Ulama
A Closer Look: The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Interior)
The Umma
The High Caliphate
The Abbasid State
Society
Decline
Islamic Culture in the Classical Era
Intellectual Traditions
Language and Literature
Art and Architecture
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
11
The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000
CHAPTER
The End of the Western Roman Empire
Global Perspective: The Early Middle Ages
The Byzantine Empire
The Reign of Justinian
The Importance of Constantinople
The Height of Byzantine Imperial Power in the Tenth Century
The Religious Diversity of Christendom
The Impact of Islam on East and West
Byzantium’s Contribution to Islamic Civilization
The Western Debt to Islam
The Developing Roman Church
Monastic Culture
The Doctrine of Papal Primacy
Division of Christendom
The Kingdom of the Franks
Merovingians and Carolingians: From Clovis to Charlemagne
Reign of Charlemagne (768–814)
Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom
A Closer Look: A Multicultural Book Cover
Feudal Society
Origins
Vassalage and the Fief
Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
12
The Islamic World, 1000–1500
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: The Expansion of Islamic Civilization, 1000–1500
THE ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS
Religion and Society
Consolidation of a Sunni Orthopraxy
Sufi Piety and Organization
Consolidation of Shi’ite Traditions
Regional Developments
Spain, North Africa, and the Western Mediterranean Islamic World
Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean Islamic World: The Fatimids and the Mamluks
The Islamic East: Asia before the Mongol Conquests
A Closer Look: Al-Hariri, Assemblies (Maqamat)
Islamic Asia in the Mongol Age
The Spread of Islam Beyond the Heartlands
ISLAMIC INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
The Spread of Islam to South Asia
Muslim-Hindu Encounter
Islamic States and Dynasties
Southeast Asia
Religious and Cultural Accommodation
Hindu and Other Indian Traditions
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
13
Ancient Civilizations of the Americas
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations of the Americas
Reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization
Mesoamerica: The Formative Period and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Civilization
Mesoamerican Ballgames
The Olmec
The Valley of Oaxaca and the Rise of Monte Alban
The Emergence of Writing and the Mesoamerican Calendar
The Classic Period in Mesoamerica
Teotihuacán
A Closer Look: The Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán
The Maya
The Post-Classic Period
The Toltecs
The Aztecs
Andean South America: The Preceramic and Initial Periods
Chavín de Huantar and the Early Horizon
The Early Intermediate, Middle Horizon, and Late Intermediate Periods
Nazca
Moche
Tiwanaku and Huari
The Chimu Empire
The Inca Empire
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
14
Africa ca. 1000–1700
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: Africa, 1000–1700
North Africa and Egypt
The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara
Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
Kanem and Kanem-Bornu
The Eastern Sudan
The Forestlands—Coastal West and Central Africa
West African Forest Kingdoms: The Example of Benin
European Arrivals on the Coastlands: Senegambia and the Gold Coast
A Closer Look: Benin Bronze Plaque with Chief and Two Attendants
Central Africa: The Kongo Kingdom and Angola
East Africa
Swahili Culture and Commerce
The Portuguese and the Omanis of Zanzibar
Southern Africa
Southeastern Africa: “Great Zimbabwe”
The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa
South Africa: The Cape Colony
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
15
Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: The High Middle Ages in Western Europe
Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns
Otto I and the Revival of the Empire
The Reviving Catholic Church: The Cluny Reform Movement and the Investiture Struggle
The Crusades
Towns and Townspeople
A Closer Look: European Embrace of a Black Saint
Medieval Society
The Order of Life
Medieval Women
Growth of National Monarchies
England: Hastings (1066) to Magna Carta (1215)
France: Bouvines (1214) to the Reign of Louis IX
The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272)
Political and Social Breakdown
Hundred Years’ War
The Black Death
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair
The Great Schism (1378–1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449
The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
The Italian City-State: Social Conflict and Despotism
Humanism
Renaissance Art in and Beyond Italy
Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
Niccolò Machiavelli
Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building in the Fifteenth Century
Medieval Russia
France
Spain
England
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Part 4
The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850
16
Europe 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: European Expansion
The Discovery of a New World
The Portuguese Chart the Course
The Spanish Voyages of Christopher Columbus
Impact on Europe and America
The Reformation
Religion and Society
Popular Movements and Criticism of the Church
Secular Control over Religious Life
The Northern Renaissance
Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525
Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation
Anabaptists and Radical Protestants
John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation
Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
The English Reformation to 1553
Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
The Reformation and Daily Life
Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life
Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life
Family Life in Early Modern Europe
A Closer Look: A Contemporary Commentary of the Sexes
The Wars of Religion
French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (1556–1598)
England and Spain (1558–1603)
The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within
Witch Hunts and Panic
Writers and Philosophers
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Religions of the World: Christianity
17
Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: The Atlantic World
Periods of European Overseas Expansion
Mercantilist Theory of Economic Exploitation
Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America
Conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas
The Roman Catholic Church in Spanish America
Economies of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire
Varieties of Economic Activity
Commercial Regulation and the Flota System
Colonial Brazil
French and British Colonies in North America
The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture
Diseases Enter the Americas
Animals and Agriculture
Slavery in the Americas
The Background of Slavery
Establishment of Slavery
The Plantation Economy and Transatlantic Trade
Slavery on the Plantations
Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade
Slavery and Slaving in Africa
The African Side of the Transatlantic Trade
The Extent of the Slave Trade
A Closer Look: The Slave Ship Brookes
Consequences of the Slave Trade for Africa
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
18
East Asia in the Late Traditional Era
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late Traditional Era
LATE IMPERIAL CHINA
Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties
Land and People
China’s Third Commercial Revolution
Political System
Ming–Qing Foreign Relations
Ming–Qing Culture
JAPAN
Warring States Era (1467–1600)
War of All Against All
Foot Soldier Revolution
Foreign Relations and Trade
Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)
Political Engineering and Economic Growth during the Seventeenth Century
Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
A Closer Look: Bridal Procession
Tokugawa Culture
KOREA AND VIETNAM
Korea
Early History
Choson Dynasty
Vietnam
Vietnam in Southeast Asia
Vietnamese Origins
A Millennium of Chinese Rule: 111 B.C.E.–939 C.E.
An Independent Vietnam
The March South
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
19
State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe
CHAPTER
Global Perspective: Early Modern Europe
European Political Consolidation
Two Models of European Political Development
Toward Parliamentary Government in England
The “Glorious Revolution”
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
Years of Personal Rule
A Closer Look: Versailles
Russia Enters the European Political Arena
Birth of the Romanov Dynasty
Peter the Great
The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction
The Rise of Prussia
European Warfare: From Continental to World Conflict
The Wars of Louis XIV
The Eighteenth-Century Colonial Arena
War of Jenkins’s Ear