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Why Do You Need This New Edition? 6 good reasons why you should buy this new edition of The Heritage of World Civilizations, Brief Fifth Edition 1 This edition is tied more closely than ever to the innovative website, MyHistoryLab, which helps you save time and improve results as you study history (www.myhistorylab.com). Improved MyHistoryLab icons appear in the textbook, alerting you to important connections between the textbook and MyHistoryLab resources. At the end of each chapter you will find a MyHistoryLab Connections table. These tables provide a checklist of the most important MyHistoryLab resources related to the chapter, facilitating the integrated study of the textbook and the website. 2 Each chapter includes a new feature called “A Closer Look,” which provides in-depth commentary on visual sources in world history. This feature teaches you to view photos, paintings, and other illustrations as historical documents. Each feature concludes with questions that encourage you to focus on important issues raised within the feature. 3 Chapter 11 features expanded coverage of the Byzantine Empire, including discussions of Byzantine imperial power in the 10th century, the importance of Constantinople, and Byzantium’s impact on Islam. 4 In Chapter 13, coverage of Mesoamerica has been expanded significantly, including extensive new discussions of Mesoamerican ballgames, Olmec culture and civilization, Teotihuacán, and the Maya. Coverage of the Aztecs, the Moche, and the Inca Empire has also been greatly expanded. 5 Coverage of early Korean and Vietnamese history, which was spread between two chapters in the Brief Fourth Edition (Chapters 9 and 19), has been consolidated in Chapter 18 of the Brief Fifth Edition in order to create a more logical text flow. Chapter 9 now focuses exclusively on early Japanese history. 6 The last three chapters (Chapters 31, 32, and 33) carry the narrative through important recent events in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East. COMBINED VOLUME The Heritage of World Civilizations Brief Fifth Edition ALBERT M. CRAIG Harvard University WILLIAM A. GRAHAM Harvard University DONALD KAGAN Yale University STEVEN OZMENT Harvard University FRANK M. TURNER Yale University Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Executive Editor: Jeff Lasser Editorial Project Manager: Rob DeGeorge Editorial Assistant: Julia Feltus Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Senior Marketing Manager: Maureen E. Prado Roberts Marketing Assistant: Samantha Bennett Senior Managing Editor: Ann Marie McCarthy Project Manager: Cheryl Keenan Senior Manufacturing and Operations Manager for Arts & Sciences: Nick Sklitsis Operations Specialist: Christina Amato Brief Edition Editor: Katie Janssen Manager, Visual Research and Permissions: Beth Brenzel Senior Art Director: Maria Lange Cover Designer: Bruce Killmer Cover Art: Woodfin Camp & Associates, Inc./Diego Rivera (1866–1957), “The Great City of Tenochtitlan,” 1945. (Detail) Mural, 4.92 × 9.71 m. Patio Corridor, National Palace, Mexico City, D.F., Mexico. © 2003 Banco de Mexico Diego Rivera & Fida Kahlo Museums Trust. Av. Cinco de Mayo No. 2, Col. Centro, Del. Cuauhtemoc 06059, Mexico, D.F. Reproduction authorized by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura. AV Project Manager: Mirella Signoretto Media Director: Brian Hyland Media Project Manager: Tina Rudowski Digital Media Editor: Alison Lorber Composition and Full-Service Project Management: Linda Ruggeri, Prepare, Inc. Printer/Binder: Webcrafters, Inc. Cover Printer: Lehigh Phoenix Color Text Font: 10/13 Goudy Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text and on page C-1. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The heritage of world civilizations / Albert M. Craig… [et al.]. -- Brief 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-205-83549-2 (combined edition : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-205-83548-5 (volume 1 : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-205-83547-8 (volume 2 : alk. paper) 1. Civilization--History--Textbooks. I. Craig, Albert M. II. Title. CB69.H45 2011 909--dc22 2011005330 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.pearsonhighered.com Combined Volume ISBN-10: 0-205-83549-X ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83549-2 Exam Copy ISBN-10: 0-205-05254-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-05254-7 Volume 1 ISBN-10: 0-205-83548-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83548-5 Volume 1 a la Carte ISBN-10: 0-205-05226-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-05226-4 Volume 2 ISBN-10: 0-205-83547-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-83547-8 Volume 2 a la Carte ISBN: 0-205-05256-8 ISBN: 978-0-205-05256-1 Brief Contents Part 1 Human Origins and Early Civilizations to 500 B.C.E. 1 The Birth of Civilization 2 Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion Part 2 Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World, 1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. 3 Greek and Hellenistic Civilization 4 West Asia, Inner Asia, and South Asia to 1000 C.E. 5 Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E. 6 Republican and Imperial Rome 7 China’s First Empire, 221 B.C.E.–589 C.E. Part 3 Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E. 8 Imperial China, 589–1368 9 Early Japanese History 10 The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622–1000 11 The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000 12 The Islamic World, 1000–1500 13 Ancient Civilizations of the Americas 14 Africa, ca. 1000–1700 15 Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance Part 4 The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850 16 Europe 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars 17 Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy 18 East Asia in the Late Traditional Era 19 State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe 20 The Last Great Islamic Empires, 1500–1800 Part 5 Enlightenment and Revolution in the Atlantic World, 1700–1850 21 The Age of European Enlightenment 22 Revolutions in the Transatlantic World 23 Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America Part 6 Into the Modern World, 1815–1949 24 Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society, 1815–1914 25 Latin America from Independence to the 1940s 26 India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa, 1800–1945 27 Modern East Asia Part 7 Global Conflict and Change, 1900–Present 28 Imperialism and World War I 29 Depression, Europepan Dictators, and the American New Deal 30 World War II 31 The West Since World War II 32 East Asia: The Recent Decades 33 Postcolonialism and Beyond: Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East Contents DOCUMENTS MAPS PREFACE ABOUT THE AUTHORS Part 1 Human Origins and Early Civilizations to 500 B.C.E. 1 The Birth of Civilization CHAPTER Early Humans and Their Culture Global Perspective: Civilizations The Paleolithic Age The Neolithic Age The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization Early Civilizations in the Middle East to About 1000 B.C.E. Mesopotamian Civilization A Closer Look: Babylonian World Map Egyptian Civilization Ancient Near Eastern Empires The Hittites The Kassites The Mitannians The Assyrians The Second Assyrian Empire The Neo-Babylonians Early Indian Civilization The Indus Civilization The Vedic Aryan Civilization Early Chinese Civilization Neolithic Origins in the Yellow River Valley Early Bronze Age: The Shang Late Bronze Age: The Western Zhou Iron Age: The Eastern Zhou The Rise of Civilization in the Americas Summary Key Terms Review Questions 2 Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion CHAPTER Comparing the Four Great Revolutions Global Perspective: Philosophy and Religion Philosophy in China Confucianism Daoism Legalism Religion in India “Hindu” and “Indian” Historical Background The Upanishadic Worldview Mahavira and the Jain Tradition The Buddha’s Middle Path A Closer Look: Statue of Siddhartha Gotama as Fasting Ascetic (Second Century C.E.) The Religion of the Israelites From Hebrew Nomads to the Israelite Nation The Monotheistic Revolution Greek Philosophy Reason and the Scientific Spirit Political and Moral Philosophy Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Judaism Part 2 Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World, 1000 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. 3 Greek and Hellenistic Civilization CHAPTER Global Perspective: The Achievements of Greek and Hellenistic Civilization Minoans, Mycenaeans, and the Greek “Middle Ages” to ca. 750 B.C.E. The Minoans The Mycenaeans The Age of Homer The Polis in the Expanding Greek World Development of the Polis The Hoplite Phalanx Greek Colonies The Tyrants (ca. 700–500 B.C.E.) Life in Archaic Greece Society Religion The Alphabet Poetry The Poleis and the Persian Wars Development of Sparta Development of Athens The Persian Wars War Comes to Greece A Closer Look: The Trireme Classical Greece The Delian League The First Peloponnesian War The Athenian Empire and Democracy Women of Athens The Great Peloponnesian War Struggle for Greek Leadership Classical Culture Emergence of the Hellenistic World Macedonian Conquest Alexander’s Conquests Death of Alexander Hellenistic Culture Philosophy Literature Architecture and Sculpture Mathematics and Science Summary Key Terms Review Questions 4 West Asia, Inner Asia, and South Asia to 1000 C.E. CHAPTER Global Perspective: Indo-Iranian Roles in the Eurasian World before Islam WEST AND INNER ASIA Ancient Background and the First Persian Empire in the Iranian Plateau (550–330 B.C.E.) The Elamites The Iranian Peoples Ancient Iranian Religion Zoroaster and the Zoroastrian Tradition The Achaemenids The Achaemenid State The Achaemenid Economy Successor States and Steppe Peoples The Seleucid Successors to Alexander in the East (c. 312–63 B.C.E.) The Parthian Arsacid Empire (ca. 247 B.C.E.–223 C.E.) The Indo-Greeks Scythians and Kushans The Sasanid Empire (224–651 C.E.) The Sasanids Society and Economy Religion Later Sasanid Developments SOUTH ASIA The First Indian Empire: The Mauryas (321–185 B.C.E.) Political Background The Mauryas A Closer Look: Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath The Consolidation of Indian Civilization (ca. 200 B.C.E.–300 C.E.) The Economic Base High Culture Religion and Society The Golden Age of the Guptas (ca. 320–550 C.E.) Gupta Rule Gupta Culture Religion and Society Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Hinduism 5 Africa: Early History to 1000 C.E. CHAPTER Global Perspective: “Traditional” Peoples and Nontraditional Histories Issues of Interpretation, Sources, and Disciplines The Question of “Civilization” Source Issues History and Disciplinary Boundaries Physical Description of the Continent African Peoples Africa and Early Human Culture Diffusion of Languages and Peoples “Race” and Physiological Variation The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning of the Common Era Early Saharan Cultures Neolithic Sudanic Cultures The Early Iron Age and the Nok Culture Nilotic Africa and the Ethiopian Highlands The Kingdom of Kush The Napatan Empire The Meroitic Empire The Aksumite Empire Isolation of Christian Ethiopia The Western and Central Sudan Agriculture, Trade, and the Rise of Urban Centers Formation of Sudanic Kingdoms in the First Millennium Central, Southern, and East Africa Bantu Expansion and Diffusion The Khoisan and Twa Peoples East Africa A Closer Look: Four Rock Art Paintings from Tassili n-Ajjer (4000–2000 B.C.E.) Summary Key Terms Review Questions 6 Republican and Imperial Rome CHAPTER Global Perspective: Republican and Imperial Rome Italy Before Rome Royal Rome Government Family Clientage Patricians and Plebeians The Republic Constitution A Closer Look: Lictors The Struggle of the Orders Conquest of Italy Rome and Carthage The Republic’s Conquest of the Hellenistic World Greek Cultural Influence Roman Imperialism Aftermath of Conquest The Gracchi Marius and Sulla War against the Italian Allies (90–88 B.C.E.) Sulla’s Dictatorship Arts and Letters of the Late Republic The Fall of the Republic and the Augustan Principate Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar First Triumvirate and the Dictatorship of Julius Caesar Second Triumvirate and the Emergence of Octavian The Augustan Principate Augustan Administration, Army, and Defense Religion and Morality The Golden Age of Roman Literature Peace and Prosperity: Imperial Rome Administration of the Empire Culture of the Early Empire Life in Imperial Rome: The Apartment House The Rise of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth Paul of Tarsus Organization Persecution of Christians Emergence of Catholicism Rome as a Center of the Early Church The Third and Fourth Centuries: Crisis and Late Empire Military Reorganization Economic, Social, and Political Costs of Defense Preservation of Classical Culture The Late Empire: Diocletian to Constantine Triumph of Christianity Christian Writers Summary Key Terms Review Questions 7 China’s First Empire, 221 B.C.E.–589 C.E. CHAPTER Qin Unification of China Global Perspective: China’s First Empire Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.–8 C.E.) The Dynastic Cycle Early Years of the Former Han Dynasty A Closer Look: The Terra-Cotta Army of the First Qin Emperor Han Wudi The Xiongnu Government during the Former Han The Silk Road Decline and Usurpation Later Han (25–220 C.E.) and Its Aftermath First Century Decline during the Second Century Aftermath of Empire Han Thought and Religion Han Confucianism History Neo-Daoism Buddhism Summary Key Terms Review Questions Part 3 Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations, 500 C.E. to 1500 C.E. 8 Imperial China, 589–1368 CHAPTER Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties The Sui Dynasty Global Perspective: Imperial China The Tang Dynasty The Tang Empire Tang Culture A Closer Look: A Tang Painting of the Goddess of Mercy Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty (960–1279) Agricultural Revolution of the Song: From Serfs to Free Farmers Commercial Revolution of the Song Government: From Aristocracy to Autocracy Song Culture China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) Rise of the Mongol Empire Mongol Rule in China Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture Last Years of the Yuan Summary Key Terms Review Questions 9 Early Japanese History CHAPTER Japanese Origins The Jōmon, Japan’s Old Stone Age The Yayoi Revolution Global Perspective: East Asia Tomb Culture, the Yamato State, and Korea Religion in Early Japan Nara and Heian Japan Court Government People, Land, and Taxes Rise of the Samurai Aristocratic Culture and Buddhism Chinese Tradition in Japan Birth of Japanese Literature Nara and Heian Buddhism Japan’s Early Feudal Age The Kamakura Era The Mongols The Question of Feudalism The Ashikaga Era A Closer Look: The East Meets the East Women in Warrior Society Agriculture, Commerce, and Medieval Guilds Buddhism and Medieval Culture Japanese Pietism: Pure Land and Nichiren Buddhism Zen Buddhism Nō Plays Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Buddhism 10 The Formation of Islamic Civilization, 622–1000 CHAPTER Global Perspective: The Early Islamic Worlds of Arab and Persian Cultures Origins and Early Development The Setting Muhammad and the Qur’an Women in Early Islamic Society Early Islamic Conquests Course of Conquest Factors of Success The New Islamic World Order The Caliphate The Ulama A Closer Look: The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Interior) The Umma The High Caliphate The Abbasid State Society Decline Islamic Culture in the Classical Era Intellectual Traditions Language and Literature Art and Architecture Summary Key Terms Review Questions 11 The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000 CHAPTER The End of the Western Roman Empire Global Perspective: The Early Middle Ages The Byzantine Empire The Reign of Justinian The Importance of Constantinople The Height of Byzantine Imperial Power in the Tenth Century The Religious Diversity of Christendom The Impact of Islam on East and West Byzantium’s Contribution to Islamic Civilization The Western Debt to Islam The Developing Roman Church Monastic Culture The Doctrine of Papal Primacy Division of Christendom The Kingdom of the Franks Merovingians and Carolingians: From Clovis to Charlemagne Reign of Charlemagne (768–814) Breakup of the Carolingian Kingdom A Closer Look: A Multicultural Book Cover Feudal Society Origins Vassalage and the Fief Fragmentation and Divided Loyalty Summary Key Terms Review Questions 12 The Islamic World, 1000–1500 CHAPTER Global Perspective: The Expansion of Islamic Civilization, 1000–1500 THE ISLAMIC HEARTLANDS Religion and Society Consolidation of a Sunni Orthopraxy Sufi Piety and Organization Consolidation of Shi’ite Traditions Regional Developments Spain, North Africa, and the Western Mediterranean Islamic World Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean Islamic World: The Fatimids and the Mamluks The Islamic East: Asia before the Mongol Conquests A Closer Look: Al-Hariri, Assemblies (Maqamat) Islamic Asia in the Mongol Age The Spread of Islam Beyond the Heartlands ISLAMIC INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA The Spread of Islam to South Asia Muslim-Hindu Encounter Islamic States and Dynasties Southeast Asia Religious and Cultural Accommodation Hindu and Other Indian Traditions Summary Key Terms Review Questions 13 Ancient Civilizations of the Americas CHAPTER Global Perspective: Ancient Civilizations of the Americas Reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization Mesoamerica: The Formative Period and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Civilization Mesoamerican Ballgames The Olmec The Valley of Oaxaca and the Rise of Monte Alban The Emergence of Writing and the Mesoamerican Calendar The Classic Period in Mesoamerica Teotihuacán A Closer Look: The Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacán The Maya The Post-Classic Period The Toltecs The Aztecs Andean South America: The Preceramic and Initial Periods Chavín de Huantar and the Early Horizon The Early Intermediate, Middle Horizon, and Late Intermediate Periods Nazca Moche Tiwanaku and Huari The Chimu Empire The Inca Empire Summary Key Terms Review Questions 14 Africa ca. 1000–1700 CHAPTER Global Perspective: Africa, 1000–1700 North Africa and Egypt The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan Ghana Mali Songhai Kanem and Kanem-Bornu The Eastern Sudan The Forestlands—Coastal West and Central Africa West African Forest Kingdoms: The Example of Benin European Arrivals on the Coastlands: Senegambia and the Gold Coast A Closer Look: Benin Bronze Plaque with Chief and Two Attendants Central Africa: The Kongo Kingdom and Angola East Africa Swahili Culture and Commerce The Portuguese and the Omanis of Zanzibar Southern Africa Southeastern Africa: “Great Zimbabwe” The Portuguese in Southeastern Africa South Africa: The Cape Colony Summary Key Terms Review Questions 15 Europe to the Early 1500s: Revival, Decline, and Renaissance CHAPTER Global Perspective: The High Middle Ages in Western Europe Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns Otto I and the Revival of the Empire The Reviving Catholic Church: The Cluny Reform Movement and the Investiture Struggle The Crusades Towns and Townspeople A Closer Look: European Embrace of a Black Saint Medieval Society The Order of Life Medieval Women Growth of National Monarchies England: Hastings (1066) to Magna Carta (1215) France: Bouvines (1214) to the Reign of Louis IX The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272) Political and Social Breakdown Hundred Years’ War The Black Death Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair The Great Schism (1378–1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449 The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527) The Italian City-State: Social Conflict and Despotism Humanism Renaissance Art in and Beyond Italy Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527) Niccolò Machiavelli Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building in the Fifteenth Century Medieval Russia France Spain England Summary Key Terms Review Questions Part 4 The World in Transition, 1500 to 1850 16 Europe 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars CHAPTER Global Perspective: European Expansion The Discovery of a New World The Portuguese Chart the Course The Spanish Voyages of Christopher Columbus Impact on Europe and America The Reformation Religion and Society Popular Movements and Criticism of the Church Secular Control over Religious Life The Northern Renaissance Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525 Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation Anabaptists and Radical Protestants John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation The English Reformation to 1553 Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation The Reformation and Daily Life Religion in Fifteenth-Century Life Religion in Sixteenth-Century Life Family Life in Early Modern Europe A Closer Look: A Contemporary Commentary of the Sexes The Wars of Religion French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II (1556–1598) England and Spain (1558–1603) The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within Witch Hunts and Panic Writers and Philosophers Summary Key Terms Review Questions Religions of the World: Christianity 17 Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy CHAPTER Global Perspective: The Atlantic World Periods of European Overseas Expansion Mercantilist Theory of Economic Exploitation Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America Conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas The Roman Catholic Church in Spanish America Economies of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire Varieties of Economic Activity Commercial Regulation and the Flota System Colonial Brazil French and British Colonies in North America The Columbian Exchange: Disease, Animals, and Agriculture Diseases Enter the Americas Animals and Agriculture Slavery in the Americas The Background of Slavery Establishment of Slavery The Plantation Economy and Transatlantic Trade Slavery on the Plantations Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade Slavery and Slaving in Africa The African Side of the Transatlantic Trade The Extent of the Slave Trade A Closer Look: The Slave Ship Brookes Consequences of the Slave Trade for Africa Summary Key Terms Review Questions 18 East Asia in the Late Traditional Era CHAPTER Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late Traditional Era LATE IMPERIAL CHINA Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties Land and People China’s Third Commercial Revolution Political System Ming–Qing Foreign Relations Ming–Qing Culture JAPAN Warring States Era (1467–1600) War of All Against All Foot Soldier Revolution Foreign Relations and Trade Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) Political Engineering and Economic Growth during the Seventeenth Century Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries A Closer Look: Bridal Procession Tokugawa Culture KOREA AND VIETNAM Korea Early History Choson Dynasty Vietnam Vietnam in Southeast Asia Vietnamese Origins A Millennium of Chinese Rule: 111 B.C.E.–939 C.E. An Independent Vietnam The March South Summary Key Terms Review Questions 19 State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe CHAPTER Global Perspective: Early Modern Europe European Political Consolidation Two Models of European Political Development Toward Parliamentary Government in England The “Glorious Revolution” Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV Years of Personal Rule A Closer Look: Versailles Russia Enters the European Political Arena Birth of the Romanov Dynasty Peter the Great The Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction The Rise of Prussia European Warfare: From Continental to World Conflict The Wars of Louis XIV The Eighteenth-Century Colonial Arena War of Jenkins’s Ear