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Language Arts 7 Parts of Speech Notes p. 479 Preposition – tells you where to find a noun; relates a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence The bird flew ______________ the cage. Prepositional phrase – a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition STUDY PREPOSITION LIST p. 485 Coordinating conjunction – a single word used to connect parts of a sentence, such as words or phrases. AND, BUT, OR, NOR, SO, FOR, YET Correlative conjunction – pairs of words used to connect words or phrases in a sentence. BOTH…AND, EITHER…OR, NEITHER…NOR, NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO AND -- always plural, plural verbs DO NOT end in ‘s’ OR – look at the 2nd subject, if it is singular, choose the singular verb ending in ‘s’ p. 487 Interjection – word or group of words that expresses strong feeling Ha! Hey! Look! Ouch! Wow! ****! p. 379, 387 Nouns – name a person, place, thing, or idea *singular noun – names one person, place, thing, or idea Example: boy *plural noun – names more than one Example: boys *proper noun – names a specific person, place, thing, or idea Example: Marshall *common noun – names any person, place, thing, or idea Example: town *concrete noun – names things that you can see or touch Example: book, desk *abstract noun – names ideas, qualities, or feelings that cannot be seen or touched Example: peace, loyalty, love *collective noun – names a group made up of a number of people or things Example: team, class, club Noun Tests (1) Can you put a/an/the in front of it? (2) Can you make it plural? *compound nouns – made up of 2 or more words (can be one word, separate words, or joined by hyphens) Example: racecar, study hall, baby-sitter *making plurals – usually add ‘s’ , sometimes ‘es’ Brothers-in-law *possessive nouns – name who or what owns or has something Example: Kobe’s t.v., teachers’ students, dog’s house, dogs’ house *usually you add an ’s *for plural nouns already ending in s, add only an apostrophe Examples: girl’s coat, girls’ coats, children’s coats Be sure you can tell plurals, possessives and contractions apart *contractions – combine 2 words into 1 by leaving out one or more letters Example: The scientists met. The scientists’ discovery was amazing. This scientist’s photo is in the paper. The scientist’s going to the lab. *appositive – noun placed next to another noun to identify it or add information about it Example: Mrs. Weber, a teacher, loves the library. *appositive phrase – group of words that includes an appositive and other words that describe the appositive. Example: Mrs. Weber, a teacher of reading, loves the library. A teacher of reading, Mrs. Weber loves the library. VERBS p. 399action verb – verb that names an action – can be physical or mental direct object – receives the action of the verb; answers the question “whom” or “what” after an action verb; a sentence can have more than 1 DO Example: The girls hold the puppies. transitive verb – has a direct object (DO) intransitive verb – does not have a direct object Examples: The team played Casey. The team played well. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE indirect object – answers the question to whom? or for whom? an action is done; you have to have a DO to have an IO; the IO always comes before the DO linking verb – connects the subject of the sentence with a noun or an adjective in the predicate LINKS = Forms of “be” are often linking verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been Other common linking verbs: become, seem, appear, look, grow, turn, taste, feel, smell, sound TEST: replace the verb with a form of “be” – if it sounds okay, it’s a linking verb; if not, it’s an action verb The soup smells good. The chef smells the soup. LV AV predicate noun – noun that follows a linking verb. It tells what the subject is. predicate adjective – adjective that follows a linking verb. It describes the subject by telling what it is like. Mrs. Lindsay is a leader. The team is excellent. PN PA TENSES p. 407present tense – names an action that happens regularly. It can also express a general truth example: We race. past tense – names an action that already happened; -ed example: The runner trained hard. future tense – names an action that will take place in the future; will… example: They will go. Base Form jump PRINCIPAL PARTS Present Participle Past Form jumping jumped Past Participle have/had jumped MAIN VERBS AND HELPING VERBS p. 409 helping verb – verb that helps the main verb tell about an action or make a statement verb phrase – consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a main verb *the most common helping verbs are forms of be, have, and do PROGRESSIVE FORMS = -ing p. 411 present progressive form – verb names an action or condition that is continuing in the present; it includes the present participle (ing) AND the helping verb “am”, “are”, or “is” Example: The students are enjoying this movie. past progressive form – verb names an action or condition that continued for some time in the past; it includes the present participle (ing) AND the helping verb “was” or “were” Example: They were winning the game. PERFECT TENSES = -ed P. 413 present perfect tense – of a verb names an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past. It also tells about an action that happened in the past and is still happening now. “have” or “has” and past participle -ed Example: We have watched football since I was little. past perfect tense – of a verb names an action that happened before another action or event in the past. “had” and past participle -ed Example: The game had already started. *often the helping verb does not touch the main verb PRONOUNS p. 429pronoun – a word that takes the place of one or more nouns personal pronouns – used to refer to people or things Personal Pronouns Singular I you he, she, it me you him, her, it Plural we you they us you them antecedent -- noun or group of words that a pronoun refers to possessive pronouns – pronoun that shows who or what has something; may take the place of a possessive noun Possessive Pronouns Singular my your his, her, its mine yours his, hers, its Plural our your their ours yours theirs indefinite pronoun – pronoun that does not refer to a particular person, place, thing, idea another anybody anyone anything each either Some Indefinite Pronouns Singular Plural everybody no one both everyone nothing few everything one many much somebody others neither someone several nobody something Can be singular OR plural: all, any, most, none, some reflexive and intensive – formed by adding –self or –selves to certain personal and possessive pronouns Examples Singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself Plural ourselves yourselves themselves interrogative pronoun – used to introduce an interrogative sentence who, whom, which, what, whose ADJECTIVES p. 451 adjective – a word that modifies a noun or pronoun; answers the questions: Which one What kind How many How much Provides info. about the size, shape, color, texture, feeling, sound, smell, number or condition of a noun or pronoun Predicate adjectives (PA) – follow linking verbs Articles – a, an, the *the most commonly used adjectives Proper adjectives – formed from proper nouns; always begin with a capital letter *Italian food *French fries Demonstrative Adjectives – point out which one *this, that, these, those p.461 Adverbs – describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs answer: How When Where Often end in -ly, but not always (chart p. 461) Intensifiers – adverbs that emphasize an adjective or adverb *almost, extremely, just, nearly, practically, quite, rather, really, so, somewhat, too, very