Download helping verb

Language Arts 7
Parts of Speech Notes
p. 479
Preposition – tells you where to find a noun; relates a noun or pronoun to
some other word in the sentence
The bird flew ______________ the cage.
Prepositional phrase – a group of words that begins with a preposition
and ends with a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the
preposition
STUDY PREPOSITION LIST
p. 485
Coordinating conjunction – a single word used to connect parts of a
sentence, such as words or phrases.
AND, BUT, OR, NOR, SO, FOR, YET
Correlative conjunction – pairs of words used to connect words or
phrases in a sentence.
BOTH…AND, EITHER…OR, NEITHER…NOR, NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO
AND -- always plural, plural verbs DO NOT end in ‘s’
OR – look at the 2nd subject, if it is singular, choose the singular verb
ending in ‘s’
p. 487
Interjection – word or group of words that expresses strong feeling
Ha!
Hey!
Look!
Ouch!
Wow!
****!
p. 379, 387
Nouns – name a person, place, thing, or idea
*singular noun – names one person, place, thing, or idea
Example: boy
*plural noun – names more than one
Example: boys
*proper noun – names a specific person, place, thing, or idea
Example: Marshall
*common noun – names any person, place, thing, or idea
Example: town
*concrete noun – names things that you can see or touch
Example: book, desk
*abstract noun – names ideas, qualities, or feelings that cannot be
seen or touched
Example: peace, loyalty, love
*collective noun – names a group made up of a number of people or
things
Example: team, class, club
Noun Tests
(1)
Can you put a/an/the in front of it?
(2)
Can you make it plural?
*compound nouns – made up of 2 or more words (can be one word,
separate words, or joined by hyphens)
Example: racecar, study hall, baby-sitter
*making plurals – usually add ‘s’ , sometimes ‘es’
Brothers-in-law
*possessive nouns – name who or what owns or has something
Example: Kobe’s t.v., teachers’ students, dog’s house, dogs’
house
*usually you add an ’s
*for plural nouns already ending in s, add only an apostrophe
Examples: girl’s coat, girls’ coats, children’s coats
Be sure you can tell plurals, possessives and contractions apart
*contractions – combine 2 words into 1 by leaving out one or more
letters
Example: The scientists met.
The scientists’ discovery was amazing.
This scientist’s photo is in the paper.
The scientist’s going to the lab.
*appositive – noun placed next to another noun to identify it or add
information about it
Example: Mrs. Weber, a teacher, loves the library.
*appositive phrase – group of words that includes an appositive and
other words that describe the appositive.
Example: Mrs. Weber, a teacher of reading, loves the library.
A teacher of reading, Mrs. Weber loves the library.
VERBS
p. 399action verb – verb that names an action – can be physical or mental
direct object – receives the action of the verb; answers the question
“whom” or “what” after an action verb; a sentence
can have more than 1 DO
Example: The girls hold the puppies.
transitive verb – has a direct object (DO)
intransitive verb – does not have a direct object
Examples: The team played Casey.
The team played well.
TRANSITIVE
INTRANSITIVE
indirect object – answers the question to whom? or for whom?
an action is done; you have to have a DO to have
an IO; the IO always comes before the DO
linking verb – connects the subject of the sentence with a noun or
an adjective in the predicate
LINKS
=
Forms of “be” are often linking verbs:
am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
Other common linking verbs:
become, seem, appear, look, grow,
turn, taste, feel, smell, sound
TEST:
replace the verb with a form of “be” – if it sounds
okay, it’s a linking verb; if not, it’s an action verb
The soup smells good.
The chef smells the soup.
LV
AV
predicate noun – noun that follows a linking verb. It tells what the
subject is.
predicate adjective – adjective that follows a linking verb. It
describes the subject by telling what it is like.
Mrs. Lindsay is a leader.
The team is excellent.
PN
PA
TENSES
p. 407present tense – names an action that happens regularly. It can also
express a general truth
example: We race.
past tense – names an action that already happened; -ed
example: The runner trained hard.
future tense – names an action that will take place in the future;
will…
example: They will go.
Base Form
jump
PRINCIPAL PARTS
Present Participle Past Form
jumping
jumped
Past Participle
have/had jumped
MAIN VERBS AND HELPING VERBS
p. 409
helping verb – verb that helps the main verb tell about an action or
make a statement
verb phrase – consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a
main verb
*the most common helping verbs are forms of be, have, and do
PROGRESSIVE FORMS = -ing
p. 411
present progressive form – verb names an action or condition that is
continuing in the present; it includes the
present participle (ing) AND the helping
verb “am”, “are”, or “is”
Example: The students are enjoying this movie.
past progressive form – verb names an action or condition that
continued for some time in the past; it
includes the present participle (ing) AND
the helping verb “was” or “were”
Example: They were winning the game.
PERFECT TENSES = -ed
P. 413
present perfect tense – of a verb names an action that happened at
an indefinite time in the past. It also tells about an action that
happened in the past and is still happening now.
“have” or “has” and past participle -ed
Example: We have watched football since I was little.
past perfect tense – of a verb names an action that happened before
another action or event in the past.
“had” and past participle -ed
Example: The game had already started.
*often the helping verb does not touch the main verb
PRONOUNS
p. 429pronoun – a word that takes the place of one or more nouns
personal pronouns – used to refer to people or things
Personal Pronouns
Singular
I
you
he, she, it
me
you
him, her, it
Plural
we
you
they
us
you
them
antecedent -- noun or group of words that a pronoun refers to
possessive pronouns – pronoun that shows who or what has
something; may take the place of a
possessive noun
Possessive Pronouns
Singular
my
your
his, her, its
mine
yours
his, hers, its
Plural
our
your
their
ours
yours
theirs
indefinite pronoun – pronoun that does not refer to a particular
person, place, thing, idea
another
anybody
anyone
anything
each
either
Some Indefinite Pronouns
Singular
Plural
everybody
no one
both
everyone
nothing
few
everything
one
many
much
somebody
others
neither
someone
several
nobody
something
Can be singular OR plural:
all, any, most, none, some
reflexive and intensive – formed by adding –self or –selves to
certain personal and possessive pronouns
Examples
Singular
myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
Plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
interrogative pronoun – used to introduce an interrogative sentence
who, whom, which, what, whose
ADJECTIVES
p. 451
adjective –
a word that modifies a noun or pronoun;
answers the questions:
 Which one
 What kind
 How many
 How much
Provides info. about the size, shape, color, texture,
feeling, sound, smell, number or condition
of a noun or pronoun
Predicate adjectives (PA) – follow linking verbs
Articles – a, an, the
*the most commonly used adjectives
Proper adjectives – formed from proper nouns; always begin with a
capital letter
*Italian food
*French fries
Demonstrative Adjectives – point out which one
*this, that, these, those
p.461
Adverbs –
describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
answer:
 How
 When
 Where
Often end in -ly, but not always (chart p. 461)
Intensifiers – adverbs that emphasize an adjective or adverb
*almost, extremely, just, nearly, practically,
quite, rather, really, so, somewhat, too, very