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Lecture 3
7 Basic Simple Sentence Patterns
SV – The door opened.
SVO – Paul raised an arm.
SVOO – I must send you an email.
SVC – He is a doctor.
SVOC – They elected him a president.
SVA – They live in Africa.
SVOA – John put the book on the desk.
Verbs with multiple class membership
to eat
He is eating. (SV) intransitive
He is eating lunch. (SVO) transitive
to teach
She is teaching. (SV)
She is teaching chemistry.(SVO)
She is teaching them chemistry.(SVOO)
OBJECT
most typically a noun phrase
normally follows the subject and the verb
Od
or
Oi
Oi normally precedes Od
He sent
S
V
me an email.
Oi
Od
Direct object
- indicates the person/ thing that undergoes the action denoted by the action verb
They robbed a bank. // She kissed her husband. // I understand what you mean.
People are laughing at me. // I believe in God. (prepositional verb)
They switched off the lights. (phrasal verb)
Expressions of the direct object
by a noun : She opened an envelope.
by a pronoun: I met him at the disco.
by a numeral: They couldn’t multiply seven by eight.
by an infinitive or gerund: She began to unwrap a parcel.// She started laughing.
Indirect object
indicates the recipient of a direct object
is usually an animate being
is in dative and answers the questions: To/for who? // To/for what?
is always accompanied by a direct object.
She gave Peter her address.
Oi
Od
Give peace a chance.
Oi
Od
Expressions of the indirect object
prepositions (to, for, from): Bring it to me.
without prepositions: after the words such as: write, bring, give, buy, send, show,
promise, leave, take, forgive,.....etc. : Send me the photos by email.// Write him a message.
Prepositional object (PO)
- consists of a preposition (to, for, from, of, by, with) and the following noun or pronoun.
a. PO after the preposition to
A. When we want to emphasize Oi: They lent it to Jane, not to John.
B. When Oi is expressed by means of inter./rel. pronouns: To whom did you promise it?
C. When Od is expressed by means of pronoun: Bring it to me.
D. In passive form: It was sent to me.
E. After certain verbs: Explain this rule to me.
b. PO expressing a person/thing involved in the happening can be found
intransitive verbs: work, come, go, stay...etc.: He works with Jane.
prepositional verbs: to look at, to hear from...etc.: He is looking at me.
after adjectives and adverbs: tired of, rich in, afraid of...etc.: He is tired of Syntax.
certain verbs: ask sb for sth, accuse sb of sth, deprive of, to assure of: They accused
him of death.
COMPLEMENT
Cs – subject complement
Co – object complement
Ca – adverbial complement
Subject complement (Cs)
Cs does not have a corresponding passive subject: He is a doctor. (Cs)
Versus:
He brought papers. (Od)
Papers were brought by him.
normally follows the subject and the linking (copular) verb
relates to the subject / characterizes a subject
found in SVC pattern: Our teacher is strict.// Robert is becoming quite mature.
Cs may be
a noun: John is a painter.
a pronoun: The blue one is mine.
an adjective: Alice seemed anxious.
a participle: This glacier is not formed.
a to-infinitive: This house is to let.
Object complement (Co)
normally follows and characterizes Od
exists after verbs of perceiving, judging, or changing sth
found in SVOC pattern: Alice considers Robert quite mature.
Co may be
A. an adjective: The jury found him innocent.
B. a noun: They appointed Harry Chairman.
C. participle: The clown got the children too excited.
D. an infinitive: It forced the soldiers to surrender.
E. a phrase: This exhibit shows other collections to be inadequate in comparison.
Subject and object complement
Jim is becoming a hardworking student.
(Subject complement)
His teacher considers Jim a hardworking student.
(Object complement)
Adverbial versus adverbial complement
A. Adverbial
The students were demonstrating outside the University of Kent.
B. Adverbial complement
The students were outside the University of Kent.
(follows the verb of incomplete predication)