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COMMON NAME: JAPANESE BARBERRY SCIENTIFIC NAME: Berberis thunbergii FAMILY: Berberidaceae ORIGIN: Japan US INTRODUCTION: First introduced in 1875 in the U.S as an ornamental. Reported to be invasive throughout the northeastern U.S. from Maine to North Carolina and west to Wisconsin and Missouri. MAJOR PATHWAYS OF SPREAD: • Seeds dispersed by birds and other animals • Creeping roots and tip rooting branches • Ornamental use S.Porse Japanese Barberry Bush IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS: • Spiny deciduous shrub that grows between 3 and 6 feet tall. Branches are brown and deeply grooved with simple spines. • Leaves small ½ - 1 ½ inches long blue green leaves shaped like small spatulas. • Flowers pale yellow in spring, occur the entire length of the stem in clusters of two to four. The bright red fruit is about 1/3 of an inch long and matures between July and October, and remains on the plant through winter. • Grows well in full sun to deep shade and forms dense stands in closed canopy forests, open woodlands, wetlands, and fields. O.Jerzy Japanese Barberry Flowers NATIVE LOOK-ALIKES: American Barberry (Berberis canadensis): Has branched thorns, producing 1-3 thorns in a cluster. Unlike Japanese Barberry which has individual thorns along its branches. The leaves of American Barberry also appear to be teethed, while Japanese Barberry has smooth leave edges. Rare in Illinois, occurs more in Appalachian Mountains. Wildfeuer Japanese Barberry Fruit Хомелка American Barberry ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States. http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3010 Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/beth.htm Alpsdake Japanese Barberry Illinois Wildflowers. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/jpbarberry.htm www.NewInvaders.org COMMON NAME: BUTTERFLY BUSH ALTERNATIVE NAME(S): Summer Lilac SCIENTIFIC NAME: Buddleja davidii FAMILY: Loganiaceae or Buddlejaceae ORIGIN: China US INTRODUCTION: Introduced for ornamental purposes. Currently present in Illinois, and most eastern and western states. MAJOR PATHWAYS OF SPREAD: • Wind • Water • Seed can remain viable for three to five years • Ornamental use IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS: • Deciduous to semi-evergreen shrub that can grow between 6 and 16 feet tall, and 4 to 15 feet wide. Stems are green when young, then have gray brown peeling bark when older. • Leaves egg shaped leaves that are green on top, with a soft woolly gray underside. Leaves grow opposite of each other, and can reach 10 inches in length. • Flowers tiny tubular arranged in a large cone-like cluster that can be 3-18 inches long. Generally purple with a yellow to orange throat, however many varieties can be white, yellow, or pink. • Is a very robust plant and can be tolerant to most habitats. However, it does prefer moist well drained soils that are in partial to full sunlight. Fritz Geller-Grimm Butterfly Bush Flowers NATIVE LOOK-ALIKES: None IKAI Butterfly Bush Michael Apel Butterfly Bush Branch ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: The University of Conneticut Database. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/b/buddav/buddav1.html USDA Plant Profile. http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_buda2.pdf www.NewInvaders.org COMMON NAME: BURNING BUSH ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Winged Burning Bush, Winged Euonymus, Winged Spindletree, Winged Wahoo SCIENTIFIC NAME: Euonymus alatus FAMILY: Celastraceae ORIGIN: Northeast Asia and central China US INTRODUCTION: Introduced to the U.S around 1860 as an ornamental plant for landscaping. Found from New England to northern Florida and the Gulf Coast. Also found in Illinois. KENPEI MAJOR PATHWAYS OF SPREAD: • Birds • Ornamental use Burning Bush Flowers HABITAT: Found in open woods, in areas of shade to full sun, prairies, and pastures. Can tolerate dry to moist soils. IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS: • Multi-stemmed shrub with winged branches. Grows 5 to 20 feet tall. • Leaves paired and deciduous, dark green, bottom is a bright red purple in the fall. • Flowers green and inconspicuous, occuring in late spring. Red purple fruits mature during summer. NATIVE LOOK-ALIKES: Native Strawberry Bush (Euonymus americanus): Stems are green and not winged, leaves do not change to red purple JP. Grandmont Burning Bush Fruit C. Barton Burning Bush T.Harville Euonymus americanus ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States. http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3023 Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/eual.htm B.Johnson Euonymus alatus www.NewInvaders.org COMMON NAME: SACRED LOTUS ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Oriental Lotus, Indian Lotus, Lotus SCIENTIFIC NAME: Nelumbo nucifera FAMILY: Nelumbonaceae ORIGIN: Asia US INTRODUCTION: Introduced to the U.S. as an ornamental plant. The plant has escaped cultivation in southeastern states, as well as some New England states, and Ohio. Peripitus Sacred Lotus Flower MAJOR PATHWAYS OF SPREAD: • Birds • Ornamental use IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS: • Aquatic plant that produces individual leaves and flowers directly from root system. • Leaves float on the water or are held up about 6 inches above water by their stems. The leaves are circular and indented in the middle giving the leaves a funnel-like shape. • Flowers individual, are held up by their stalks about 6 inches from the surface of the water. Each flower is 4-8 inches across, and have pink petals. The receptacle holds the seeds of the flower, and is located in the center of the flower, resembling an upside down cone. The receptacle is surrounded by a dense ring of golden stamen. K.Stuber Sacred Lotus Receptacle • Grows in small ponds and shallow areas of lakes and rivers with little exposure to wind and waves. NATIVE LOOK-ALIKES: • American Lotus (Nelumbo lutea): Flowers are yellow instead of pink. Rare in our region. • Fragrant Water Lily (Nymphaea tuberosa): Unlike the sacred lotus, the fragrant water lily is white and does not contain the lotuses distinct conelike receptacle. The leaves of a water lily are circular, and lay flat against the surface of the water. The leaves also contain a distinct “slit” in the side. K.Stuber Sacred Lotus Leaves J. Phelps American Lotus T. Voekler Sacred Lotus S. Mollerus Fragrant Water Lily ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Illinois Wildflowers. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/sacred_lotus.htm USDA Plant Profiles. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=Nenu2 www.NewInvaders.org COMMON NAME: GARDEN VALERIAN ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Garden Heloptrope SCIENTIFIC NAME: Valeriana officinalis FAMILY: Valerianaceae ORIGIN: Europe US INTRODUCTION: Introduced for ornamental and medicinal purposes. Present in northeastern Illinois, along with most Midwest and New England states. MAJOR PATHWAYS OF SPREAD: • Wind • Aerial stolons H. Zell IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS: • Herbaceous form with sparse branches. Reaches a height between 1 ½ to 4 feet. The central stem is light green (occasionally dark red), and thick. The central stalk for each leaf is winged. Garden Valerian • Leaves occur opposite and are widely spread on the lower first half of the central stem. Leaves can grow up to 8 inches long. The upper leaflet surface is dark green, while the bottom is usually lighter and slightly hairy. • Flowers on a central stem terminate to one or more 2-5 inch flat-topped panicles. The trumpet shaped flowers are individual, and are often light pink or white. • Grows in soggy thickets and meadows, fens, and roadside ditches. H. Zell Garden Valerian Flowers NATIVE LOOK-ALIKES: • Bog Valerian (Valeriana uliginosa): The basal leaves (leaves located closet to the ground) are entire or have a lateral lobe at the base. There are few leaves on the stem above the surface of the ground, which contain 1-5 lobes each. The leaf blades or their segments have sparse amounts of hair or are smooth. The veins of the leaves are reticulated, meaning they resemble a net. The flower cluster is as broad as it is long. • Common Valerian (Valeriana ciliate): The basal leaves (leaves located closet to the ground) are entire or have a lateral lobe at the base. There are few leaves on the stem above the surface of the ground, which contain 1-5 lobes each. Leaves and segments appear to be hairy, and are parallel veined. The flower cluster is longer than it is broad. Torr A.Gray Gray Jeffdelonge Torr &&A. UW Stevens Point. C. Raimond Bog Valerian Garden Valerian R. Nonemacher Garden Valerian Leaves Jeffdelonge Common Valerian ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Illinois Wildflowers. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/valerian.html US Forest Service. http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/garden-valeriana.pdf USDA Plant Profiles. http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VAOF www.NewInvaders.org COMMON NAME: LYME GRASS ALTERNATIVE NAMES: Blue Dune Lyme Grass, Sand Rye Grass, Wild Rye, and Blue Lyme Grass. SCIENTIFIC NAME: Leymus arenarius; Elymus arenarius FAMILY: Poaceae ORIGIN: Northern Europe US INTRODUCTION: Introduced for ornamental purposes. Lyme Grass is now present throughout the Great Lakes region. Specifically in Illinois, Lyme Grass has been documented in Cook, Kane, and Lake County. K. Peters Lyme Grass MAJOR PATHWAYS OF SPREAD: • Ornamental use • Underground stems (rhizomes) • Seed dispersion by various sources • Fast growing and long lived (~10 years) IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS: • 32 inches tall and 3 feet wide at maturity • Leaves are blue/green and grow about 12 inches along and ½ inch wide • Flowers are blue/green dense spikes during the summer, and turn beige later in the year • The ideal habitat for Lyme Grass is full sun to partial shade. It is very adaptable to both dry and moist locations, and is also considered to be drought-tolerant. Lyme grass can grow in a number of soil types or pH levels, and is able to handle environmental salt. Lyme Grass is very tolerant, and is even able to tolerate urban pollution and is able to thrive in inner city environments. K. Peters Lyme Grass Spikes • Grows in soggy thickets and meadows, fens, and roadside ditches NATIVE LOOK-ALIKES: • Marram Grass (Ammophila breviligulata): Leaves are distinctly green, not blue/green like in Lyme Grass. • Streambank Wheat Grass (Elymus lanceolatus): Lyme Grass and Streambank Wheat Grass are very similar in appearance. If the plants are fertile, one can see that Leymus arenarius spikes (flowers) are 15-25 mm thick and the spikes of Elymus lanceolatus are only 5-10 mm thick. Additionally, the leaves in Elymus lanceolatus are thinner than that of Leymus arenarius appear to be hairy, and are parallel veined. The flower cluster is longer than it is broad. Halley Marram Grass Royalbroil Marram Grass W. Alverson Streambank Wheat Grass ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: University of Wisconsin Green Bay - Cofrin Center for Biodiversity http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/invasive_species/leyare01.htm www.NewInvaders.org