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RAINFOREST ENERGY AND NUTRIENT FLOWS ENERGY LOST AS HEAT EN Precipitation ERG YF R OM E TH 1ST TROPHIC LEVEL Primary producers Energy flows Each link where energy flows from one level to another is called a trophic level. The process of transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next is between 5 and 20 per cent efficient. The remaining energy is lost as heat. Leaf litter Topsoil Subsoil Parent rock Discovery for schools program, North Coast, DECCW 2010/156 SU N Atmospheric gases Nutrients used in photosynthesis Evaporation Nutrient incorporation in plant biomass. Nutrients are the food materials which plants use to promote growth Nutrients in plant matter consumed by animals 2ND TROPHIC LEVEL Primary consumers Herbivore 3RD TROPHIC LEVEL Secondary consumers Litterfall: leaves and small branches fall to form leaf litter Throughfall and stem flow The decomposer system in the soil is the major energy pathway of forest ecosystems. Without the activity of soil organisms, nutrients would become locked up and be released only by fire or slow chemical reaction. Plants take up nutrients through their roots. Litterfall is the large amount of dead leaves, branches, flowers and fruits which are shed from the canopy, carrying nutrients from the forest biomass to the soil. Carnivore Throughfall occurs when nutrients, mainly potassium, are leached from leaves by rain and carried to the forest floor. Stemflow is water running down branches and trunks which also removes nutrients from the canopy to the leaf litter. 4TH TROPHIC LEVEL Tertiary consumers Top carnivore Decomposers release nutrient from plant and animal biomass Litter decomposition Because of the high rate of decomposition, the leaf litter of rainforests is not as deep as the leaf litter of eucalypt forest, although seasonal variation does occur. Roots take in nutrients Stream discharge