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Index Review 8/21/2013 QUESTIONS HERE Music Theory: Chapter 1 Aspects of Sound Pitch Dynamic Timbre Articulation Duration Pitch-Frequency-Wavelength Wavelength : the distance between one sound wave to the next. Frequency : the rate of vibration measured in “times per second,” called Hertz [Tune=440] The higher the frequency…the shorter the wavelength…the higher the pitch Dynamics-Amplitude-Wave Height Amplitude : height or intensity of a sound wave that determines the loudness of a sound. In music, Wave Height is referred to as Dynamic. Timbre-Tone Color-Waveform Waveform : the shape and form of the sound wave as it moves in distance and frequency. Timbre : made up of more than one frequency, usually involving harmonics or overtones. Basic frequency and its overtones determine the timbre of a sound. EX. The difference in the sound between and oboe and a flute playing the same note at the same volume is the Color, or Timbre, of the note. Articulation-Envelope Envelope : a sound’s attack, sustain and release Articulation : the manner in which we begin the note, sustain it and end the note. Band: Staccato, Accent, Legato [air] Orchestra: Detache, Martele, Marcato [bow] Chorus: Syllables, Consonants, Vowels [mouth & air] Duration Duration : the length of time sound and silence lasts. Sound has a proportional relationship between note lengths as well as note pitch. The Staff and Clefs Staff [plural staves] : 5 lines and 4 spaces where music is written on. The names of the lines and spaces are determined by the Clef used. You need to know 4 different clefs: Treble Clef Bass Clef Alto Clef Tenor Clef C Clef Indicates where C4 [middle C] is located “Movable C” clef Alto Clef Viola Tenor Clef Bassoon, Cello, Trombone G Clef Indicates where G4 [G above middle C] is Began as a fancy G Treble Clef Flute, Soprano, Violin, Trumpet F Clef Indicates where F3 [F below middle C] is Began as a fancy F Bass Clef String Bass, Baritone, Trombone, Tuba, Timpani The Grand Staff Grand Staff : combines both treble and bass clefs. Piano Chorale/Hymn System : a bracket, or brace, that connects multiple staves together. Octave Designation There are 8 C’s on the piano; each C begins a new octave C1 – C6 Guess That Note! Ledger Lines Performance Considerations 8 attached to a Clef Neutral Clef Accidentals Half Step : the smallest space or interval between 2 notes Whole Step : Two half steps Sharp # : raises the pitch by one half step Double Sharp x : raises the pitch by a whole step Flat b : lowers the pitch by one half step Double Flat bb : lowers the pitch by one whole step Natural : Cancels out a previous accidental Enharmonic Equivalent : a pitch that sound alike but have two different names Ex: E# & F, C# & Db, Name Another?!? Location of accidentals…How long do they last? Notation Note Head : Body of the note Stem : Part of the note that is common to all note types smaller in duration than a whole not. Flag : Part of the note that is common to all note types smaller in duration than a quarter note. Stem and Flag placement on the staff Notation Bar Line : vertical line that divides the staff into measure Measure : the unit of space between bar lines Double Bar Line : two lines that signal the end of a section of music Final Bar Line : indicates the end of the piece or composition