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List some of the major functions of the respiratory system. High School pg 441 College pg 831 FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Trap particles from incoming air and help control the temperature and water content of the air Produce vocal sounds Participate in the sense of smell Regulate blood pH Respiratory Mucosa Nasal Conchae Sinuses Pharynx Larynx Epiglottis Trachea Bronchi (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) Bronchioles Alveoli THE NOSE Nasal conchae Increase surface area of nasal passages RESPIRATORY MUCOSA Secrete mucus to filter air Blood vessels warm air CILIA PHARYNX (THROAT) Common passageway for: food esophagus air larynx Esophagus Passageway for food Trachea Passageway for air LARYNX Site of sound production (vocal folds) The epiglottis folds over the opening of trachea, preventing entry of liquids or food LARYNX TRACHEA- “WINDPIPE” –C-shaped cartilage rings keep passageways open –No cartilage in back of trachea to allow food to pass through the esophagus BRONCHI/BRONCHIOLES Trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi and so on… Bronchiole: when the bronchi no longer have cartilage BRONCHIOLES LEAD TO ALVEOLI Respiratory bronchioles open into passageways called alveolar ducts that end at alveolar sacs High School pg 447 (Respiratory membrane) College pg 845 ALVEOLI Functional Unit of Respiratory System Ideal site for gas exchange Extremely thin walls Large Surface Area SURFACE TENSION Alveoli attract water molecules and cause surface tension, alveoli are harder to inflate and can actually collapse Alveolar cells synthesize “surfactant” to fight this and make it easier to inflate the alveoli. RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME Premature babies do not produce sufficient surfactant and cannot breathe properly. Doctors drip synthetic surfactant into their lungs through a tube and they breath using a ventilator. High School pg 448 College pg 847 Pulmonary Ventilation Air moving into and out of the lungs (breathing) External Respiration Gas Exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli External= Exterior Internal Respiration Gas Exchange between blood and tissue cells Internal= Inside Exchange of gases between blood and body cells An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood (called loading) Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called unloading) Figure 13.11b Figure 13.10 Oxygen Into Blood O2 in Alveoli > Blood Diffuses into blood from alveoli Carbon dioxide out of the blood CO2 in Blood > Alveoli Pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide to be exhaled BREATHING VOCAB Ventilation: breathing Inspiration: inhalation, breathing in Expiration: exhalation, breathing out The Mechanics of Breathing High School pg 449 College pg 852 INSPIRATION 1. Diaphragm and rib muscles contract, increasing lung volume 2. As lung volume increases, lung pressure decreases 3. Air is drawn down into the trachea of the lung and enters the alveoli, where the oxygen diffuses into the blood EXPIRATION 1. Diaphragm and rib muscles relax 2. Air moves out of alveoli and up into the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea 3. Lung volume decreases as air leaves nose or mouth, increasing air pressure in the chest cavity THE LUNGS Contains Lobes Right lung= 3 lobes Left Lung= 2 lobes Within the “pleural cavity” Parietal pleural membrane Visceral pleural membrane Tidal Volume (TV) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) High School Pgs 452-453 Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Residual Volume Inspiratory Capacity Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) Vital Capacity (VC) Total Lung Capacity College Pgs 855 – 856 RESPIRATORY VOLUMES Tidal Volume: volume of air entering or leaving during a single respiratory cycle. Inspiratory Reserve Volume: extra air in lungs during forced inspiration. Expiratory Reserve Volume: air that exits during forced expiration. Residual Volume: air left in lungs even after forced expiration. RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES Combining two or more volumes gives us a capacity. 1) Vital capacity= IRV + TV+ ERV. 2) Inspiratory capacity= TV+ IRV. 3) Function residual capacity= ERV+ residual volume. 4) Total Lung Capacity= VC+ residual volume. (about 5,800 ml) RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES