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Organic Chemistry Carbon Inorganic compound- does not contain C and H Organic compound- contains C and H All living things contain the element C 4 types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates- Known as Sugars Lipids-Known as fats and Oils Proteins- Known as Polypeptides Nucleic Acids -DNA and RNA Carbohydrates Composed of the elements C, H, O with a ratio of 2 Hydrogen's to every 1 oxygen Building blocks are simple sugars called monosaccharide Carbohydrates are used for energy ex. Glucose in plants Ex. Structure: cellulose found in cell walls of plants Monosaccharides- one sugar Ex- glucose, fructose, dextrose, and galactose Glucose- plants produce during photosynthesis Fructose- found in fruit Galactose- found in milk Glucose and fructose are isomers- they have the same formula but a different arrangement of elements Disaccharides- 2 sugars (2 simple sugars joined by saccharide bonds) Ex- sucrose (table sugar) lactose (milk sugar) and maltose (malt beverage) Polysaccharides- many sugars attached by many bonds Ex- starch – stores glucose in roots of plants (potatoes) important food source for humans (storage for carbohydrates) glycogen- stores glucose in liver cells in humans (storage carbohydrates) Cellulose- found in plant cell walls to make rigid ( wood and cotton fibers) Chitin – found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (insects) (structural carbohydrate) Composed Lipids of elements C, H, and O, but contains FEWER O’s than carbohydrates Building blocks are glycerol and fatty acids Lipids are used for cushion, structure, insulation, and energy storage Types of Lipids Fatty acids: made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids Saturated fatty acids- contains the max amount of hydrogen's. They are solids at room temperature Example is animal fat Unsaturated fatty acids_ does NOT contain the max amount of hydrogens so double bonds are present They are liquids at room temperature Example: vegetable oil Phospholipids Make up cell membranes. They are like fatty acids but contain a phosphorus Sterols Contain a 4 ringed backbone Examples: cholesterol and Steroids / hormones estrogen and testosterone Proteins Composed of the elements C, H, O, and N (Sulfur is found in 2 amino acids) Building blocks are amino acids (20 types)- contain a carboxyl group---H atoms, a central C atom, and a variable group Held together by peptide bonds- 2 amino acids bound=polypeptide Proteins are used for immunity, structural proteins (muscles), hormones, and catalysts (enzymes) Examples of proteins are antibodies, muscles, enzymes, hair Nucleic Acids Composed of the elements C, H, O, N, and P; made up of nucleotides Building blocks are nucleotides which are made up of a simple sugar (deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA), a phosphate group and a Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine for DNA And adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil for RNA Nucleic Acids are used for controlling cellular activities and making proteins (GENES) Examples of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA Enzymes Made of proteins Acts as a catalyst- speeds up rate of chemical reactions Can catobolize- break down or anabolize-build up molecules Enzymes are not broken down, they are recycled Substrate- a molecule that attaches to an enzyme to be broken down of synthesized Active site- place when substrate attaches to enzyme ( lock and key) Most enzymes end in -ase Hydrolysis- uses water to break down polymers into monomers Dehydration Synthesis- makes polymers by taking water out monomers. This allows monomers to bond (anabolism)