Download End-of-Course Test Study Guide: (15% of Final Average!)

End-of-Course Test Study Guide: (15% of Final Average!) NAME_____________
Content Domain 1: Scientific Processes and Nature of Biology
1. List the steps of the scientific method, in order. Write a brief description of each step.
a. ________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________
d. ________________________________________________________________________
e. ________________________________________________________________________
f. ________________________________________________________________________
g. ________________________________________________________________________
2. In any experiment, what kind of data is collected; quantitative or qualitative? How do you know
which is which?________________________________________________
3. What is a independent variable?_______________ How do you know? ________________
4. What is a dependent variable? ________________ How do you know? ________________
5. What are some controlled variables (constants)? ____________________________________
6. What is the difference between a conclusion and an inference?________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. Describe when you would use the following types of graphs:
a. Line graph-______________________________________________________________
b. Bar graph-_______________________________________________________________
c. Pie graph-_______________________________________________________________
8. Label the parts of the microscope. How do you calculate total magnification?
9. Common Safety Rules: When should goggles be worn? _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ When
should you wash your hands? _____________________________________________
10. What is the subject of each of the following branches of biology?
a. Botany ______________________________________________________________
b. Ecology _____________________________________________________________
c. Genetics _____________________________________________________________
d. Microbiology _________________________________________________________
e. Taxonomy ___________________________________________________________
f. Zoology _____________________________________________________________
11. List the 7 levels of Linnaean classification in order from most broad to most specific.
______________, ________________, ____________, ___________, _____________,
_____________, ______________ (King Philip Came Over For Great Sex)
12. The scientific name for humans is __________________________ (write it properly).
13. Humans would be most closely related to organisms with the same (K P C O F G S).
14. What are the three domains determined by DNA.
15. Complete the following Kingdom Chart
Kingdom
Main characteristics
Examples
Content Domain 2: Cellular Basis of Life
1. List the 3 parts of the cell theory: _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. List the characteristics of living things:
a. Made of ______________
b. Require food for ____________ to carry out life processes
c. Respond to __________________ in their environment
d. ________________________ offspring
e. ______________ and _________________
f. Maintain ______________________; a balance of internal conditions
g. Have and pass on a _______________ code
3. A _________________ organism has to perform all metabolic activities within one cell.
4. A _________________ organism has ___________________ cells that perform certain jobs.
5. In multicellular organisms, a group of related cells makes up ______________, which makes up
________________, which are grouped into ___________ ______________, which work together
to make up the organism.
6. A ___________________ cell does NOT contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
7. A ___________________ cell does have a nucleus and other organelles.
8. ___________________ transport does not require energy. There are 3 examples:
a. _________________- movement of materials from high to low concentration.
b. _________________- movement of water from high to low concentration.
c. _________________ _____________- movement of materials from high to low, with the help
of a transport protein.
9. ____________________ transport does require energy input from the cell because materials are
moving against the concentration gradient, from _________ to __________.
10. Large particles may be engulfed into the cell by ______________________; while they are
removed from the cell by _______________________. Both of these require energy.
11. If a cell is placed in a ____________________ solution, water will leave the cell, causing it to
_____________________. Remember, water also goes from _________ to ______.
12. If a cell is placed in a ______________________ solution, water will enter the cell, causing it to
______________________.
13. If a cell is placed in an _______________ solution, there will be no net movement of water
because dynamic equilibrium has already been reached.
Label the following solutions as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic. Use arrows to indicate the
direction water will move.
5% NaCl
15% other
80% water
10% NaCl
15% other
75% water
Match the organelle with its function.
14. ____plasma (cell) membrane
15. ____chloroplast
16. ____nucleus
17. ____nuclear membrane
18. ____cytoplasm
19. ____cell wall
20. ____Golgi body
21. ____endoplasmic reticulum
22. ____ribosome
23. ____chromatin/chromosome
24. ____vacuole
25. ____mitochondria
a. Boundary that surrounds the
nucleus
b. Found in plants for support &
protection
c. Gel-like material where
organelles are found
d. Makes proteins
5% NaCl
15% other
80% water
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
5% NaCl
5% other
90% water
5% NaCl
15% other
80% other
5% NaCl
15% other
80% other
Gatekeeper; controls what comes in & out of cell
Control center of cell; where DNA is found
Powerhouse; where energy is made from food
Stores substances
Packages proteins
Site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Distributes proteins like a roadway
Structure inside nucleus that contains genetic code
Label the following plant and animal cells.
Content Domain 3: Chemical Basis of Life
1. ____________ is anything that takes up space and has mass. The 3 states are ___________,
_____________, and ____________.
2. The __________ is the building block of all matter.
3. An _____________ is a substance made up of all the same kind of atoms. The most common
ones found in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
4. hydrogen bonds: weak attractions between polar molecules. Ex- holds water molecules to
other water molecules; holds nitrogenous bases together in _____________ molecule
5. A chemical ___________ is when chemical bonds are broken and new bonds form.
6. An __________________ compound always contains carbon and hydrogen.
7. An _______________ compound does not contain C & H and comes from nonliving things.
8. The most important inorganic compound for living things is ____________. It is polar (the
hydrogen side is positive while the oxygen side is negative). It is a great ____________ (it
can dissolve most things), necessary for most chemical reactions in living things.
9. The _____ scale, from 0 to 14, is a measure of how acidic or basic something is. Neutral is
___. Acids are _______ than 7. Acids release hydrogen ions (H+). Bases are _______ than 7.
Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-). Stronger acids and bases are _______ from 7, while
weaker acids and bases are ___________ to 7.
10. The four basic types of organic compounds found in living things are _______________,
_________, ______________, and ________________ ___________.
11. Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: ____, ____, and ____. Carbs provide a major
source of ______________. Monosaccharide example: ________________ polysacchararide
example: _______________ and cellulose
12. Three types of lipids are _________, _________, and ________. The building blocks of
lipids are 1 ___________ and 3 __________ ___________. Uses in the body: ____________
___________________________________________________________________________
13. Proteins contain these elements: ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____. The building blocks are
___________ ___________. They are used for growth and repair. A special type of protein
that ___________________ a chemical reaction is called an ________________.
14. Nucleic acids contain an organism’s _____________ _______. The building blocks are
____________________. Ex: _______ & ________
15. When cells break down glucose to make energy, they are carrying out __________________
______________________. Plants get this food by performing _______________________.
16. Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration: Circle the reactants, underline
the products. _______________________________________________________________
17. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis: Circle the reactants, underline the
products. ___________________________________________________________________
18. The molecule that cells use to carry out cellular activities is called ___________. Energy is
released when one _______________ is removed, forming _________.
19. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things?
20. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? _____________________
21. What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?______________________________________
and ______________________________ How many net ATPs are produced in each?
_________ How many net ATPs are produced in aerobic respiration? _________
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
22. What 3 things make up a nucleotide? ____________________________________________
23. How do the nitrogenous bases pair up? ___________________________________________
24. What is it called when DNA is copied? ___________________ Where does it take place? __
25. What would the complementary strand of DNA look like for: A T T C G C A T G?
________________
26. Name 3 ways that DNA and RNA differ. _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
27. What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do? _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
28. What is it called when DNA is used to make mRNA? _______________________________
29. Transcribe the following A T T C G C A T G
________________
30. Three bases in a row make up a _______________. This matches to the ________________
found on the ________________. The tRNA carries the appropriate ____________________
__________________ to build a protein. This occurs at the _____________________. This
final process is called protein synthesis, or ________________________.
31. What shape does a DNA molecule have? ___________________________
Content Domain IV: Genetics and Patterns of Change
1. The 2 main stages of the cell cycle are ________________ & ________________.
2. Interphase is the longest phase. What 3 things happen during this phase?
a. ________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________
3. Mitosis is the division of the _______________ in _________________ cells.
4. Cytokinesis is the division of the _________________.
5. The two resulting cells are ________________ and are called _________________ cells.
6. The four phases of mitosis are (include a description of each):
a. _______________: _______________________________________________________
b. _______________: _______________________________________________________
c. _______________: _______________________________________________________
d. _______________: _______________________________________________________
Label the following diagrams and put them in order.
7. The difference between animal cell division and plant cell division is the formation of a
cell__________ in ___________________cells
8. Cell division is necessary in order for a cell to _____________________________________.
9. Mitosis makes _________________ cells, which means there are 2 of each chromosome
(pairs). In humans, these cells have _____ chromosomes. Since the 2 chromosomes in the
pair are similar, they are referred to as ____________________.
10. Meiosis is how _____ cells are formed (also called ___________________). They have ____
the number of chromosomes and are therefore referred to as _____________ cells.
11. In meiosis, ____ cells are formed, all of which are _________________. In egg production,
only _____ egg forms, along with ___ ________________. It makes ____ sperm.
Genetics
12. Genetics is the study of _______________. The father of genetics was __________________
_________________, who did his research on ________ plants.
13. A characteristic a person receives from his/her parent is a ____________. The instructions
for them are carried on ____________, which are found on ____________________.
14. A person gets one gene for each trait from each parent. The alternative versions of genes are
known as _________________. If the two alleles are identical, the pair is _______________,
if the pair is different, it is _______________, or hybrid. The combination of alleles is called
the __________________, while the physical appearance is the _____________________.
15. The allele that shows up is ____________________, while the one that is hidden is
__________________.
16. Mendel’s work is summarized in 3 laws:
a. Law of Dominance: _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Law of Segregation: _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. Law of Independent Assortment: _____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
17. A genetic cross involving only one trait is a __________________ trait. If it involves 2 traits,
it is a ______________________ trait. The cross is done on a ________________ square.
18. Black fur is dominant to white fur in rabbits. If a heterozygous rabbit is crossed with a white
rabbit, what will the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring be?
______ x ______
____ ____
Genotypic ratio: __________________________________
Phenotypic ratio: __________________________________ ____
____
19. The sex chromosomes in males are __________, while females have ______________.
20. Some traits are carried only on the sex chromosomes. These are called _________________
traits. Usually, they are on the X chromosome, so are more common in males since males
only have ______ X chromosomes.
21. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes may _____________ over, resulting in a new
combination of genes.
22. Changes in the genetic code of an organism result from ________________, which may be
spontaneous or caused by a _________________.
23. Sometimes during meiosis, homologous pairs do not separate, so the resulting sperm or eggs
will have either one extra or one missing chromosome. This is called ___________________
and can lead to genetic disoders called trisomy or monosomy. An example of a trisomy of the
21st chromosome is ________________________.
24. Genetic _______________________ has lead to many advances in medicine and agriculture.
Bacteria have been produced that can make insulin, thanks to _____________________
DNA.
25. When a species changes over time, it is referred to as _________________________. This
occurs due to __________________ ___________________. This theory was proposed by
____________________________________.
26. According to natural selection, organisms that are _______ suited to their environment will
________________ and _____________________, therefore passing on their traits.
27. Evolution that involves small changes in a species is called __________________________.
28. Evolution that occurs slowly over where big changes occur is called
_______________________.
Content Domain 5: Viruses, Monerans, Protists, and Fungi
Viruses
1. Viruses are [living, nonliving]. They are composed of an outer _________________, with
____________ inside. They must replicate ___________________________ (where).
2. When a virus injects its DNA into the host cell, it hijacks the host, forcing it to __________
_______________ of viral DNA. Once the viral proteins are assembled, the cell _________,
releasing the viruses. This is referred to as the ___________ cycle.
3. If the viral DNA is not immediately copied, it becomes integrated within the __________
_______. When the host cell divides, the daughter cells produces will also contain copies of
the __________ _____. The virus may be __________ for several years in this state, but it is
being spread. This is called the ___________ cycle. After time the lytic cycle will take over.
4. Some common diseases caused by viruses are _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
5. Viruses do not respond to ___________________. The body produces _________________
to help fight viruses. Animals can receive immunity from viruses through _______________,
which is when the animal is injected with dead or weakened viruses so that ______________
will be produced against it.
Bacteria
6. Bacteria belong to the Kingdom __________________. They are ____-celled organisms
[with, without] a nucleus. Therefore they are referred to as _____________________.
7. Most bacteria are ________________________ because they must get food from an outside
source. However, blue-green bacteria are __________________ who do photosynthesis.
Some perform _______________________, getting food from chemical compounds.
8. The three shapes of bacteria are ____________________ (which is ___________________),
_______________________ (which is ___________________), and ___________________,
(which is ____________________).
9. The circular DNA of bacteria is called a ______________. Some bacteria also have a tail,
called a ______________________. Some bacteria form __________________, in which the
DNA is protected in a coating until conditions are favorable. The process whereby bacteria
reproduce is referred to as __________________ ______________. They cannot do mitosis,
since there is no _____________________.
10. In what ways are bacteria beneficial to us? ________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11. What are some foods produced with bacteria? _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
12. Some common diseases caused by bacteria are _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
13. Some bacteria cause disease by releasing ______________, while others cause disease by
breaking down tissues for _______________. Bacterial diseases can be transmitted by ____,
______________, _______________ contact, or ____________________ (like ticks, fleas,
lice, raccoons, etc.). To fight bacterial infections, ____________________ may be taken.
14. Some ways to prevent bacterial infection are ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Protists
15. Kingdom Protista is composed of mostly ______-celled organisms that all have a
_______________-bound __________________. Thus, they are referred to as
__________________________.
16. Plant-like protists are known as ______________; animal-like protists are referred to as
____________________, while fungus-like protists are just fungus-like protists!
17. Protozoa are classified based on their method of _______________________.
18. Algae contain __________________ in order to do photosynthesis. They must live in a
_________ environment. They are generally classified based on the color _______________
they contain.
19. How are protists beneficial? ____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
20. What are some diseases caused by protists? _______________________________________
21. What is an algal bloom? _______________________________________________________
22. What causes red tides?________________________________________________________
Fungi
23. Fungi are usually _____________-celled organisms that must _________________ to get
energy. Unlike plants, they DO NOT perform _________________________.
24. Fungi are made of filaments called ______________, which intertwine into a tangled mass
known as a ___________________. Their cell walls are composed of _________________.
25. Fungi reproduce both _________________ and _______________________. They are
classified based on the way they form ___________________.
26. How are fungi beneficial? _____________________________________________________
27. What are some foods produced with fungi? _______________________________________
28. What are some diseased caused by fungi? _________________________________________
What are some negative effects of fungi? _________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Who am I?
Content Domain 6: Ecology and the Environment
1. The thin layer of land, air, and water where life on Earth exists is the ___________________.
2. Ecology is the study of the interactions between _______________________ and their
___________________________.
3. A group of the same species of organisms living in an area is a ______________________.
4. All of the species in an area is a _________________________.
5. Different species of organisms in an area, plus the nonliving parts of the environment make
up the _________________________.
6. Environmental factors that are living are referred to as ____________________, while those
that are nonliving are known as __________________. Plants, animals, and bacteria are
examples of biotic factors. Four examples of abiotic factors are __________________,
____________________, _____________________, and _______________________.
7. The place where an organism lives is its ___________________, while it’s “job” or “way of
life” is called its __________________.
8. The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the ___________, but only _____% of this
energy is transferred to the next __________________ level.
9. Organisms that make their own food are called ________________ or _________________.
They are found at the ___________________ of the energy _____________________.
10. The path of energy from producer to consumer is a _____________ __________________.
Make one containing at least four organisms.
____________________________________________________________________
11. Many interconnected food chains make up a ______________ ____________.
12. T or F. Energy is recycled in an ecosystem.
13. T or F. Matter is recycled in an ecosystem.
14. Water Cycle: Rain, snow, and sleet are examples of ___________________. When liquid
water changes into the gaseous state, it is called __________________. When water
evaporates from leaves into the atmosphere, it is called ______________________. When
water changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state, it is called ____________________.
15. Nitrogen Cycle: _____________ are found in the root nodules of special plants called
_______________; they convert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants. Animals get
this nitrogen when they ___________________________. When organisms die, nitrogen is
returned to the soil.
16. Carbon Cycle: Carbon enters the atmosphere when _________ ______ are burned, when
organisms do cell _____________________, and during volcanic eruptions. Carbon leaves
the atmosphere (CO2-abiotic) and enters the biotic parts when plants perform
_____________________ and when _______________________ break down dead
organisms.
17. Phosphorus Cycle: Plants get phosphorus from the ________. Animals get it when they
_____________________. It is returned to the soil when plants and animals ________.
18. When communities change over time, it is called ecological _________________. There are
2 types. If NO LIFE existed there before, it is ______________ _________________. The
first organisms to colonize such an area are pioneer species, such as _______________. What
types of organisms are next? ___________________________________________________
19. When there used to be life, but a disaster occurs, killing everything, ____________________
succession occurs. It is faster because ___________ is already present. This type usually
begins with things like _______________.
20. A community that is relatively stable and unlikely to change is called a _________________
community.
21. If the number of births equals the number of deaths in a community, _______ ____________
_____________ is the result.
22. If the population grows exponentially because there are no _______________ factors, the
growth curve looks like the letter _________. The population size will rapidly exceed the
__________________ ________________ and will likely crash.
23. If the population levels off (stabilizes) at the __________________ __________________,
due to _______________ factors, the curve is called logistic, and is shaped like the letter ___
24. Some examples of limiting factors are ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
25. A large region that has a certain climate and characteristic animals and plants is called a
______________. The climate is based on amount of __________ and _________________.
Biome
Tropical rainforest
Savanna
Desert
Temperate grassland
Temperate forest
Taiga
Tundra
Climate
Animals
Plants
26. Aquatic environments: examples of standing water: ________________________________,
examples of moving water: _____________________________. There is freshwater and
___________________. An __________________ is a combination of the two.
27. The photic zones of lakes and the ocean have _____________, while the aphotic zone can
only support organisms that can live in the _______________.
28. What are some ways humans have caused the extinction of species? ____________________
___________________________________________________________________________
29. A harmful product, or waste product in the environment is a _________________. Much air
pollution is caused from burning of _________________ __________. Examples of air
pollutants are _______________________________________________________. A
combination of smoke, gases is called __________. If air pollutants SOx and NOx (sulfur
oxides and nitrous oxides) combine with water vapor, it produces ______________
__________.
30. The greenhouse effect is vital on our planet to _________________temperature. If too much
carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is present in the atmosphere, it leads to the
__________________ effect. This is thought to contribute to ____________________
___________________.
31. What are some things that may cause water pollution? _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
32. What are two alternate sources of energy for electricity, instead of burning fossil fuels?
_________________ power & _____________ power
33. All plants are [unicellular, multicellular] and are [eukaryotes, prokaryotes].
34. Plant cells contain 2 things not found in animal cells: ___________ & _____________.
35. The cell walls are made of _______________, which is a type of _________________.
36. Some small plants transport water and food only by diffusion. These are ________________
plants. Larger, more complex ________________ plants have conductive tissue for this job.
37. Bryophytes (2 examples: _______________ & _______________) are nonvascular plants
that reproduce by producing _________________. -found in ____________ environment.
38. Plant life cycles are referred to as “alternation of generations”, cycling between haploid
(__N, gametophyte) and diploid (__N, sporophyte) generations.
39. Alternation of generations: the haploid gametophyte generation produces __________ (eggs
& sperm) by mitosis. They come together to form a _____________, which is the sporophyte.
The sporophyte then produces ____________ by meiosis. They develop into the gametophyte.
40. The two types of vascular tissue are ____________ (which transports ____________ up from
the roots to the rest of the plant) and _____________ (which transports _____________ from the
leaves to the rest of the plant).
41. The seed of a plant contains the ________________ and a food supply (endosperm)
surrounded by the ________________.
42. Seed-producing plants are divided into 2 groups: ____________________ (naked seeds,
often in cones) and ____________________ (flowering plants). Examples of gymnosperms are
_______________, ________________, and ________________. Examples of angiosperms are
________________, ________________, and ___________________.
43. In flowers, the seeds are protected within a ______________ (an enlarged ovary). They are
further divided into 2 groups: monocots (one cotyledon, ex-__________________) and dicots (2
cotyledons, ex-_______________________).
44. The three main organs of a plant are the __________, ___________, and ______________.
45. Three jobs of roots: ________________________________, _________________________,
and ________________________________. Two kinds of roots: ___________ &
______________.
46. Two jobs of stems: _____________________________ & ___________________________.
47. Main job of leaves: ______________________________
48. What can carry their pollen? ______________, _______________, or _________________
49. Under the right conditions, seeds will sprout, or ____________________.
50. What are some ways that humans use plants?
51. Label the parts of the flower.
Word Bank
pistil
petal
stamen
stigma
ovary
ovule
filament
style
anther
sepal
20. Animals with a backbone are _______________;
those without are _________________.
21. Comparative Invertebrate Survey…this should look like a table you have already done!
Phylum
Name
(scientific)
Common
name
Body plan
(symmetry)
Type of body
cavity
Circulatory
system type?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Digestive
system type?
nervous
system type/
cephalization?
Type of
Reproduction?
Examples
22. All vertebrates have _______________ symmetry, a [true coelom, pseudocoelom, or no
coelom] and an [endoskeleton, exoskeleton].