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* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
End-of-Course Test Study Guide: (15% of Final Average!) NAME_____________ Content Domain 1: Scientific Processes and Nature of Biology 1. List the steps of the scientific method, in order. Write a brief description of each step. a. ________________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________________________________ f. ________________________________________________________________________ g. ________________________________________________________________________ 2. In any experiment, what kind of data is collected; quantitative or qualitative? How do you know which is which?________________________________________________ 3. What is a independent variable?_______________ How do you know? ________________ 4. What is a dependent variable? ________________ How do you know? ________________ 5. What are some controlled variables (constants)? ____________________________________ 6. What is the difference between a conclusion and an inference?________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 7. Describe when you would use the following types of graphs: a. Line graph-______________________________________________________________ b. Bar graph-_______________________________________________________________ c. Pie graph-_______________________________________________________________ 8. Label the parts of the microscope. How do you calculate total magnification? 9. Common Safety Rules: When should goggles be worn? _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ When should you wash your hands? _____________________________________________ 10. What is the subject of each of the following branches of biology? a. Botany ______________________________________________________________ b. Ecology _____________________________________________________________ c. Genetics _____________________________________________________________ d. Microbiology _________________________________________________________ e. Taxonomy ___________________________________________________________ f. Zoology _____________________________________________________________ 11. List the 7 levels of Linnaean classification in order from most broad to most specific. ______________, ________________, ____________, ___________, _____________, _____________, ______________ (King Philip Came Over For Great Sex) 12. The scientific name for humans is __________________________ (write it properly). 13. Humans would be most closely related to organisms with the same (K P C O F G S). 14. What are the three domains determined by DNA. 15. Complete the following Kingdom Chart Kingdom Main characteristics Examples Content Domain 2: Cellular Basis of Life 1. List the 3 parts of the cell theory: _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. List the characteristics of living things: a. Made of ______________ b. Require food for ____________ to carry out life processes c. Respond to __________________ in their environment d. ________________________ offspring e. ______________ and _________________ f. Maintain ______________________; a balance of internal conditions g. Have and pass on a _______________ code 3. A _________________ organism has to perform all metabolic activities within one cell. 4. A _________________ organism has ___________________ cells that perform certain jobs. 5. In multicellular organisms, a group of related cells makes up ______________, which makes up ________________, which are grouped into ___________ ______________, which work together to make up the organism. 6. A ___________________ cell does NOT contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. 7. A ___________________ cell does have a nucleus and other organelles. 8. ___________________ transport does not require energy. There are 3 examples: a. _________________- movement of materials from high to low concentration. b. _________________- movement of water from high to low concentration. c. _________________ _____________- movement of materials from high to low, with the help of a transport protein. 9. ____________________ transport does require energy input from the cell because materials are moving against the concentration gradient, from _________ to __________. 10. Large particles may be engulfed into the cell by ______________________; while they are removed from the cell by _______________________. Both of these require energy. 11. If a cell is placed in a ____________________ solution, water will leave the cell, causing it to _____________________. Remember, water also goes from _________ to ______. 12. If a cell is placed in a ______________________ solution, water will enter the cell, causing it to ______________________. 13. If a cell is placed in an _______________ solution, there will be no net movement of water because dynamic equilibrium has already been reached. Label the following solutions as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic. Use arrows to indicate the direction water will move. 5% NaCl 15% other 80% water 10% NaCl 15% other 75% water Match the organelle with its function. 14. ____plasma (cell) membrane 15. ____chloroplast 16. ____nucleus 17. ____nuclear membrane 18. ____cytoplasm 19. ____cell wall 20. ____Golgi body 21. ____endoplasmic reticulum 22. ____ribosome 23. ____chromatin/chromosome 24. ____vacuole 25. ____mitochondria a. Boundary that surrounds the nucleus b. Found in plants for support & protection c. Gel-like material where organelles are found d. Makes proteins 5% NaCl 15% other 80% water e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. 5% NaCl 5% other 90% water 5% NaCl 15% other 80% other 5% NaCl 15% other 80% other Gatekeeper; controls what comes in & out of cell Control center of cell; where DNA is found Powerhouse; where energy is made from food Stores substances Packages proteins Site of photosynthesis in plant cells Distributes proteins like a roadway Structure inside nucleus that contains genetic code Label the following plant and animal cells. Content Domain 3: Chemical Basis of Life 1. ____________ is anything that takes up space and has mass. The 3 states are ___________, _____________, and ____________. 2. The __________ is the building block of all matter. 3. An _____________ is a substance made up of all the same kind of atoms. The most common ones found in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. 4. hydrogen bonds: weak attractions between polar molecules. Ex- holds water molecules to other water molecules; holds nitrogenous bases together in _____________ molecule 5. A chemical ___________ is when chemical bonds are broken and new bonds form. 6. An __________________ compound always contains carbon and hydrogen. 7. An _______________ compound does not contain C & H and comes from nonliving things. 8. The most important inorganic compound for living things is ____________. It is polar (the hydrogen side is positive while the oxygen side is negative). It is a great ____________ (it can dissolve most things), necessary for most chemical reactions in living things. 9. The _____ scale, from 0 to 14, is a measure of how acidic or basic something is. Neutral is ___. Acids are _______ than 7. Acids release hydrogen ions (H+). Bases are _______ than 7. Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-). Stronger acids and bases are _______ from 7, while weaker acids and bases are ___________ to 7. 10. The four basic types of organic compounds found in living things are _______________, _________, ______________, and ________________ ___________. 11. Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: ____, ____, and ____. Carbs provide a major source of ______________. Monosaccharide example: ________________ polysacchararide example: _______________ and cellulose 12. Three types of lipids are _________, _________, and ________. The building blocks of lipids are 1 ___________ and 3 __________ ___________. Uses in the body: ____________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13. Proteins contain these elements: ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____. The building blocks are ___________ ___________. They are used for growth and repair. A special type of protein that ___________________ a chemical reaction is called an ________________. 14. Nucleic acids contain an organism’s _____________ _______. The building blocks are ____________________. Ex: _______ & ________ 15. When cells break down glucose to make energy, they are carrying out __________________ ______________________. Plants get this food by performing _______________________. 16. Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration: Circle the reactants, underline the products. _______________________________________________________________ 17. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis: Circle the reactants, underline the products. ___________________________________________________________________ 18. The molecule that cells use to carry out cellular activities is called ___________. Energy is released when one _______________ is removed, forming _________. 19. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? 20. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? _____________________ 21. What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?______________________________________ and ______________________________ How many net ATPs are produced in each? _________ How many net ATPs are produced in aerobic respiration? _________ DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation 22. What 3 things make up a nucleotide? ____________________________________________ 23. How do the nitrogenous bases pair up? ___________________________________________ 24. What is it called when DNA is copied? ___________________ Where does it take place? __ 25. What would the complementary strand of DNA look like for: A T T C G C A T G? ________________ 26. Name 3 ways that DNA and RNA differ. _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 27. What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do? _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 28. What is it called when DNA is used to make mRNA? _______________________________ 29. Transcribe the following A T T C G C A T G ________________ 30. Three bases in a row make up a _______________. This matches to the ________________ found on the ________________. The tRNA carries the appropriate ____________________ __________________ to build a protein. This occurs at the _____________________. This final process is called protein synthesis, or ________________________. 31. What shape does a DNA molecule have? ___________________________ Content Domain IV: Genetics and Patterns of Change 1. The 2 main stages of the cell cycle are ________________ & ________________. 2. Interphase is the longest phase. What 3 things happen during this phase? a. ________________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Mitosis is the division of the _______________ in _________________ cells. 4. Cytokinesis is the division of the _________________. 5. The two resulting cells are ________________ and are called _________________ cells. 6. The four phases of mitosis are (include a description of each): a. _______________: _______________________________________________________ b. _______________: _______________________________________________________ c. _______________: _______________________________________________________ d. _______________: _______________________________________________________ Label the following diagrams and put them in order. 7. The difference between animal cell division and plant cell division is the formation of a cell__________ in ___________________cells 8. Cell division is necessary in order for a cell to _____________________________________. 9. Mitosis makes _________________ cells, which means there are 2 of each chromosome (pairs). In humans, these cells have _____ chromosomes. Since the 2 chromosomes in the pair are similar, they are referred to as ____________________. 10. Meiosis is how _____ cells are formed (also called ___________________). They have ____ the number of chromosomes and are therefore referred to as _____________ cells. 11. In meiosis, ____ cells are formed, all of which are _________________. In egg production, only _____ egg forms, along with ___ ________________. It makes ____ sperm. Genetics 12. Genetics is the study of _______________. The father of genetics was __________________ _________________, who did his research on ________ plants. 13. A characteristic a person receives from his/her parent is a ____________. The instructions for them are carried on ____________, which are found on ____________________. 14. A person gets one gene for each trait from each parent. The alternative versions of genes are known as _________________. If the two alleles are identical, the pair is _______________, if the pair is different, it is _______________, or hybrid. The combination of alleles is called the __________________, while the physical appearance is the _____________________. 15. The allele that shows up is ____________________, while the one that is hidden is __________________. 16. Mendel’s work is summarized in 3 laws: a. Law of Dominance: _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b. Law of Segregation: _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c. Law of Independent Assortment: _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 17. A genetic cross involving only one trait is a __________________ trait. If it involves 2 traits, it is a ______________________ trait. The cross is done on a ________________ square. 18. Black fur is dominant to white fur in rabbits. If a heterozygous rabbit is crossed with a white rabbit, what will the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring be? ______ x ______ ____ ____ Genotypic ratio: __________________________________ Phenotypic ratio: __________________________________ ____ ____ 19. The sex chromosomes in males are __________, while females have ______________. 20. Some traits are carried only on the sex chromosomes. These are called _________________ traits. Usually, they are on the X chromosome, so are more common in males since males only have ______ X chromosomes. 21. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes may _____________ over, resulting in a new combination of genes. 22. Changes in the genetic code of an organism result from ________________, which may be spontaneous or caused by a _________________. 23. Sometimes during meiosis, homologous pairs do not separate, so the resulting sperm or eggs will have either one extra or one missing chromosome. This is called ___________________ and can lead to genetic disoders called trisomy or monosomy. An example of a trisomy of the 21st chromosome is ________________________. 24. Genetic _______________________ has lead to many advances in medicine and agriculture. Bacteria have been produced that can make insulin, thanks to _____________________ DNA. 25. When a species changes over time, it is referred to as _________________________. This occurs due to __________________ ___________________. This theory was proposed by ____________________________________. 26. According to natural selection, organisms that are _______ suited to their environment will ________________ and _____________________, therefore passing on their traits. 27. Evolution that involves small changes in a species is called __________________________. 28. Evolution that occurs slowly over where big changes occur is called _______________________. Content Domain 5: Viruses, Monerans, Protists, and Fungi Viruses 1. Viruses are [living, nonliving]. They are composed of an outer _________________, with ____________ inside. They must replicate ___________________________ (where). 2. When a virus injects its DNA into the host cell, it hijacks the host, forcing it to __________ _______________ of viral DNA. Once the viral proteins are assembled, the cell _________, releasing the viruses. This is referred to as the ___________ cycle. 3. If the viral DNA is not immediately copied, it becomes integrated within the __________ _______. When the host cell divides, the daughter cells produces will also contain copies of the __________ _____. The virus may be __________ for several years in this state, but it is being spread. This is called the ___________ cycle. After time the lytic cycle will take over. 4. Some common diseases caused by viruses are _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. 5. Viruses do not respond to ___________________. The body produces _________________ to help fight viruses. Animals can receive immunity from viruses through _______________, which is when the animal is injected with dead or weakened viruses so that ______________ will be produced against it. Bacteria 6. Bacteria belong to the Kingdom __________________. They are ____-celled organisms [with, without] a nucleus. Therefore they are referred to as _____________________. 7. Most bacteria are ________________________ because they must get food from an outside source. However, blue-green bacteria are __________________ who do photosynthesis. Some perform _______________________, getting food from chemical compounds. 8. The three shapes of bacteria are ____________________ (which is ___________________), _______________________ (which is ___________________), and ___________________, (which is ____________________). 9. The circular DNA of bacteria is called a ______________. Some bacteria also have a tail, called a ______________________. Some bacteria form __________________, in which the DNA is protected in a coating until conditions are favorable. The process whereby bacteria reproduce is referred to as __________________ ______________. They cannot do mitosis, since there is no _____________________. 10. In what ways are bacteria beneficial to us? ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 11. What are some foods produced with bacteria? _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. Some common diseases caused by bacteria are _____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13. Some bacteria cause disease by releasing ______________, while others cause disease by breaking down tissues for _______________. Bacterial diseases can be transmitted by ____, ______________, _______________ contact, or ____________________ (like ticks, fleas, lice, raccoons, etc.). To fight bacterial infections, ____________________ may be taken. 14. Some ways to prevent bacterial infection are ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ Protists 15. Kingdom Protista is composed of mostly ______-celled organisms that all have a _______________-bound __________________. Thus, they are referred to as __________________________. 16. Plant-like protists are known as ______________; animal-like protists are referred to as ____________________, while fungus-like protists are just fungus-like protists! 17. Protozoa are classified based on their method of _______________________. 18. Algae contain __________________ in order to do photosynthesis. They must live in a _________ environment. They are generally classified based on the color _______________ they contain. 19. How are protists beneficial? ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 20. What are some diseases caused by protists? _______________________________________ 21. What is an algal bloom? _______________________________________________________ 22. What causes red tides?________________________________________________________ Fungi 23. Fungi are usually _____________-celled organisms that must _________________ to get energy. Unlike plants, they DO NOT perform _________________________. 24. Fungi are made of filaments called ______________, which intertwine into a tangled mass known as a ___________________. Their cell walls are composed of _________________. 25. Fungi reproduce both _________________ and _______________________. They are classified based on the way they form ___________________. 26. How are fungi beneficial? _____________________________________________________ 27. What are some foods produced with fungi? _______________________________________ 28. What are some diseased caused by fungi? _________________________________________ What are some negative effects of fungi? _________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Who am I? Content Domain 6: Ecology and the Environment 1. The thin layer of land, air, and water where life on Earth exists is the ___________________. 2. Ecology is the study of the interactions between _______________________ and their ___________________________. 3. A group of the same species of organisms living in an area is a ______________________. 4. All of the species in an area is a _________________________. 5. Different species of organisms in an area, plus the nonliving parts of the environment make up the _________________________. 6. Environmental factors that are living are referred to as ____________________, while those that are nonliving are known as __________________. Plants, animals, and bacteria are examples of biotic factors. Four examples of abiotic factors are __________________, ____________________, _____________________, and _______________________. 7. The place where an organism lives is its ___________________, while it’s “job” or “way of life” is called its __________________. 8. The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the ___________, but only _____% of this energy is transferred to the next __________________ level. 9. Organisms that make their own food are called ________________ or _________________. They are found at the ___________________ of the energy _____________________. 10. The path of energy from producer to consumer is a _____________ __________________. Make one containing at least four organisms. ____________________________________________________________________ 11. Many interconnected food chains make up a ______________ ____________. 12. T or F. Energy is recycled in an ecosystem. 13. T or F. Matter is recycled in an ecosystem. 14. Water Cycle: Rain, snow, and sleet are examples of ___________________. When liquid water changes into the gaseous state, it is called __________________. When water evaporates from leaves into the atmosphere, it is called ______________________. When water changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state, it is called ____________________. 15. Nitrogen Cycle: _____________ are found in the root nodules of special plants called _______________; they convert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants. Animals get this nitrogen when they ___________________________. When organisms die, nitrogen is returned to the soil. 16. Carbon Cycle: Carbon enters the atmosphere when _________ ______ are burned, when organisms do cell _____________________, and during volcanic eruptions. Carbon leaves the atmosphere (CO2-abiotic) and enters the biotic parts when plants perform _____________________ and when _______________________ break down dead organisms. 17. Phosphorus Cycle: Plants get phosphorus from the ________. Animals get it when they _____________________. It is returned to the soil when plants and animals ________. 18. When communities change over time, it is called ecological _________________. There are 2 types. If NO LIFE existed there before, it is ______________ _________________. The first organisms to colonize such an area are pioneer species, such as _______________. What types of organisms are next? ___________________________________________________ 19. When there used to be life, but a disaster occurs, killing everything, ____________________ succession occurs. It is faster because ___________ is already present. This type usually begins with things like _______________. 20. A community that is relatively stable and unlikely to change is called a _________________ community. 21. If the number of births equals the number of deaths in a community, _______ ____________ _____________ is the result. 22. If the population grows exponentially because there are no _______________ factors, the growth curve looks like the letter _________. The population size will rapidly exceed the __________________ ________________ and will likely crash. 23. If the population levels off (stabilizes) at the __________________ __________________, due to _______________ factors, the curve is called logistic, and is shaped like the letter ___ 24. Some examples of limiting factors are ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 25. A large region that has a certain climate and characteristic animals and plants is called a ______________. The climate is based on amount of __________ and _________________. Biome Tropical rainforest Savanna Desert Temperate grassland Temperate forest Taiga Tundra Climate Animals Plants 26. Aquatic environments: examples of standing water: ________________________________, examples of moving water: _____________________________. There is freshwater and ___________________. An __________________ is a combination of the two. 27. The photic zones of lakes and the ocean have _____________, while the aphotic zone can only support organisms that can live in the _______________. 28. What are some ways humans have caused the extinction of species? ____________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 29. A harmful product, or waste product in the environment is a _________________. Much air pollution is caused from burning of _________________ __________. Examples of air pollutants are _______________________________________________________. A combination of smoke, gases is called __________. If air pollutants SOx and NOx (sulfur oxides and nitrous oxides) combine with water vapor, it produces ______________ __________. 30. The greenhouse effect is vital on our planet to _________________temperature. If too much carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is present in the atmosphere, it leads to the __________________ effect. This is thought to contribute to ____________________ ___________________. 31. What are some things that may cause water pollution? _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 32. What are two alternate sources of energy for electricity, instead of burning fossil fuels? _________________ power & _____________ power 33. All plants are [unicellular, multicellular] and are [eukaryotes, prokaryotes]. 34. Plant cells contain 2 things not found in animal cells: ___________ & _____________. 35. The cell walls are made of _______________, which is a type of _________________. 36. Some small plants transport water and food only by diffusion. These are ________________ plants. Larger, more complex ________________ plants have conductive tissue for this job. 37. Bryophytes (2 examples: _______________ & _______________) are nonvascular plants that reproduce by producing _________________. -found in ____________ environment. 38. Plant life cycles are referred to as “alternation of generations”, cycling between haploid (__N, gametophyte) and diploid (__N, sporophyte) generations. 39. Alternation of generations: the haploid gametophyte generation produces __________ (eggs & sperm) by mitosis. They come together to form a _____________, which is the sporophyte. The sporophyte then produces ____________ by meiosis. They develop into the gametophyte. 40. The two types of vascular tissue are ____________ (which transports ____________ up from the roots to the rest of the plant) and _____________ (which transports _____________ from the leaves to the rest of the plant). 41. The seed of a plant contains the ________________ and a food supply (endosperm) surrounded by the ________________. 42. Seed-producing plants are divided into 2 groups: ____________________ (naked seeds, often in cones) and ____________________ (flowering plants). Examples of gymnosperms are _______________, ________________, and ________________. Examples of angiosperms are ________________, ________________, and ___________________. 43. In flowers, the seeds are protected within a ______________ (an enlarged ovary). They are further divided into 2 groups: monocots (one cotyledon, ex-__________________) and dicots (2 cotyledons, ex-_______________________). 44. The three main organs of a plant are the __________, ___________, and ______________. 45. Three jobs of roots: ________________________________, _________________________, and ________________________________. Two kinds of roots: ___________ & ______________. 46. Two jobs of stems: _____________________________ & ___________________________. 47. Main job of leaves: ______________________________ 48. What can carry their pollen? ______________, _______________, or _________________ 49. Under the right conditions, seeds will sprout, or ____________________. 50. What are some ways that humans use plants? 51. Label the parts of the flower. Word Bank pistil petal stamen stigma ovary ovule filament style anther sepal 20. Animals with a backbone are _______________; those without are _________________. 21. Comparative Invertebrate Survey…this should look like a table you have already done! Phylum Name (scientific) Common name Body plan (symmetry) Type of body cavity Circulatory system type? Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata Digestive system type? nervous system type/ cephalization? Type of Reproduction? Examples 22. All vertebrates have _______________ symmetry, a [true coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom] and an [endoskeleton, exoskeleton].