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Plant Evolution and Diversity Reading: Chap. 30 I. What is a plant? A. Basic structure and function B. Why are plants important? C. What are plants, evolutionarily? D. Problems of living on land II. Overview of major plant taxa A. Bryophytes (seedless, nonvascular) B. Pterophytes (seedless, vascular) C. Gymnosperms (seeds, vascular) D. Angiosperms (seeds, vascular, and flowers+fruits) II. Major evolutionary trends A. Vascular tissue, leaves, & roots B. Fertilization without water: pollen C. Dispersal: from spores to bare seeds to seeds in fruits D. Life cycles Æ reduction of gametophyte, dominance of sporophyte B. Importance of plants 1. Food – agriculture, ecosystems 2. Habitat 3. Fuel and fiber 4. Medicines 5. Ecosystem services A. Plants: fundamentals What does it do? - Photosynthesize - CO2 uptake - O2 release - Water loss - Water and nutrient uptake - Grow Where? Which directions? - Reproduce Fig. 1.10, Raven et al. C. Where do plants fit, evolutionarily? How are protists related to higher plants? Algae are eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms that are not plants. Relationship to the protists What are the defining traits of plants? - Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs - Cell chemistry: - Chlorophyll a and b - Cell walls of cellulose (plus other polymers) - Starch as a storage polymer - Most similar to some Chlorophyta: Charophyceans Fig. 29.8 Points 1. 2. 3. Photosynthetic protists are spread throughout many groups. Plants are most closely related to the green algae, in particular, to the Charophyceans. Plantae has expanded to include green algae, red algae and glaucophyte algae. What is in common? Coleochaete Chara 1 All “Land” plants “Land” plants only (some but not all green algae) - Alternation of generations (sporic life cycle) - Apical meristem C&R 29.3 C&R 29.6 “Land” plants only “Land” plants only - Multicellular, dependent embryos Æ “Embryophytes” - Multicelluar gametangia: antheridia and archegonia Moss life cycle 30.20 30.13 29.17a The Phylogeny of Green Plants ria ea te ha ac rc B A Eukarya Green plants 30.14 D. Problems of land life: Adaptations for living in air Land plants Vascular plants Seed plants e ea yc e ph ) a ae s) to tes ea s) yt ) ce e ae e yc rt phlgae hy hyt ch cha ph wo o e a p o o d a r n op o e ho(red lv (ulv ol (cole ha (sto R C C U Gymnosperms a yt ta ph ) hy ) op rts ro rts ta ) ic o ce o hy es at rw ho rnw op ss ep (live nt (ho ry (mo H A B Angiosperms ) ) rs t al. ) a a a a ) ta ta rms yt yt ife e ta tes a l.) yt yt ns hy s) a s) ph ) ph ) on ds hy hy yt t a hy pe yt yte ph fer p ail ph to k no et do s) do ds go go r c oo op top ph s e op ios ph ph ca yca ink ink the edw net ne ino ine nth ng ilo his phe ors teri ern co co y s y g c w r f h ly P ( S ( P ( C ( G ( O ( G (g P (p A (a L ( Flowers Seeds Vascular tissue Green algae Nonvascular plants Ability to live on land Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a + b and β-carotene Seedless vascular plants 2 1. Desiccation of plant 2. Resource acquisition - water and minerals Fig. 30.10 - Roots REE, Fig. 1.10 - Water conservation - epidermis w/cuticle, stomata, guard cells REE, Fig. 1.10 4. No water for reproduction 3. Light acquisition a. gamete dispersal and desiccation b. spore dispersal and desiccation C&R Fig. 29.7 a. Surface area - Leaves b. Fight gravity - Support c. Fluid transport - Vascular tissue, xylem and phloem Fig. 1.10 II. Overview of Taxa - Fertilization and dispersal that are independent of water (some). 1. Bryophytes Liverworts (Hepaticophyta) ~6500 species, moist environments Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) ~100 species Mosses (Bryophyta) ~12,000 species, widespread 3 Bryophyte ecology: a. Groundcover and epiphytes Bryophyte ecology: b. Global carbon cycle Groundcover Epiphytes What’s new? B. Seedless vascular plants (Pteridophytes) 1. Vascular tissue, true leaves, true roots 2. Sporophyte dominant Lycophyta - “club mosses” Psilotophyta Sphenophyta Pterophyta 30.17b Other SVP developments: true leaves Other SVP developments: true roots Moss phyllids http://www.palaeos.com/Plants/Bryophyta/Bryophyta.html Angiosperm, Fig. 29.10 Club moss, REE Fig. 19-3 4 Figure 30-9 1. Gymnosperms: Who are they? C. Seed plants - Gymnosperms ria ea te ha ac rc B A Eukarya Green plants Land plants Vascular plants Seed plants e ea yc e ph ) a ae ) to tes ea s) yt ) ce es ae e yc rt phlgae hy hyt ch cha ph wo o e a p o d a op o e o r n ho(red lv (ulv ol (cole ha (sto R C C U Gymnosperms a yt ta ph ) hy ) op rts ro rts ta ) ic o ce o hy es at rw ho rnw op ss ep (live nt (ho ry (mo H A B Angiosperms ) ) rs t al. ) a a a a ) ta ) ta rms yt yt ife e ta tes a l.) yt yt ns hy s) a s ph ) ph ) on ds hy hy yt t a hy pe yt yte ph fer p ail ph to k no et do s) do ds go go r c oo op top ph s e op ios ph ph ca yca ink ink the edw net ne ino ine nth ng ilo his phe ors teri ern colyco y s y r g c w f h P ( S ( C ( G ( O ( G (g P (p A (a L ( P ( Flowers Seeds Vascular tissue Green algae Nonvascular plants Ability to live on land Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a + b and β-carotene Phyla: Ginkgophyta - 1 genus, 1 species: Ginkgo biloba Cycadophyta - ~100 species Conifers - 550 species: Pinophyta & “other” (redwoods, cypresses, junipers, etc.) Gnetophyta - 3 genera, 70 spp. Seedless vascular plants Conifers Conifers Biggest Giant sequoia Tallest? Coast redwood Conifers oldest Bristlecone pine – 4795 in 2007 Conifers Furthest north White spruce highest 5 Conifers Conifers Widespread (boreal forest, temperate rain forest) Very important timber species Most photographed Monterey cypress http://www.pc.gc.ca/canada/nature/archives/2003/fe/ ART_IMAGES/map_boreal.gif Conifers Conifers Wet conditions Dry conditions Black spruce Juniper D. Seed plants: Angiosperms (Phylum Anthophyta) 3. What’s new? ~270,000 species Land plants Vascular plants Seed plants ds in kg R o ed w G oo ne d to s e P i p h t al ne yte . s s e A n g t al io . sp er m s yc a C G s yt e H or fern se s t Fe ails rn s ph k hi s Ly co W er w o H or rts nw or M ts os se s Li v al ga e op hy C te ol eo s ch ae St on te s ew or ts Gymnosperms R ed Secondary growth Continued g’phyte reduction Pollen and heterospory Seeds U lv a. b. c. d. Fruit Flowers Heterospory Seeds Pollen Heterospory Fruit Sporophyte-dominated life cycle Green algae Nonvascular plants Seedless vascular plants Alternation of generations Retention of embryo on parent Complex gametangia Thick-walled spores Retention of egg on parent Simple gametangia Figure 30-26 6 1. Who are they? 2. Why are they important? Monocots: ~ 60,000 spp. Lilies, orchids, grasses, palms Dicots: Most of the rest Trees, shrubs, forbs Eudicots and ‘other’ a. Most diverse phylum, huge radiation b. Base of many terrestrial food webs c. Basis of agriculture Fruits Vegetables Grains d. Secondary compounds – drugs, medicines III. Major Evolutionary Trends A. What is “vascular tissue” and what does it do? 1. Xylem A. Structure: Vascular tissue, leaves, & roots B. Reproduction: Fertilization without water: pollen C. Reproduction: Dispersal of progeny: from spores to bare seeds to seeds in fruits D. Life cycles Æ reduction of gametophyte, dominance of sporophyte - water and nutrients up from roots to stem, leaves: one way - hollow - dead at maturity - secondary cell walls, lignin 2. Phloem - photosynthate from leaves to roots, shoots, meristems - living at maturity - no secondary cell walls 3. Evolutionary Sequence Observed in WaterConducting Cells First vascular tissue Simple waterconducting cells Tracheids Vessel elements Ends have gaps in secondary cell wall (inside) Primary wall (with cellulose) Primary wall (with cellulose) Lignin Little structural support. Found in fossils and presentday mosses Primary wall (with cellulose) Primary wall (with cellulose) Secondary wall (with lignin) Secondary wall (with lignin) Some structural support. Found in fossils Increased structural support. Found in all vascular plants Ends have gaps through primary and secondary cell walls Found in gnetophytes and angiosperms 7 4. Secondary growth B. Fertilization without water 1.pollen and heterospory a. In Gymnosperms b. (lateral meristem - draw) 29.14d Conifer life cycle Co-evolution with animals 2. Flowers - more efficient fertilization (pollination) Stamen = microsporangia Ovule = megasporangium plus integuments Carpel = stigma + style + ovary Petals and sepals = modified leaves, attract pollinators C&R, 30.13 Many crops depend on natural pollinators Darwin’s Hawk Moth http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/bestofnature/video.html US Postal Service http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/10/25_pollinator.shtml http://encarta.msn.com/media_461530192_761578331_-1_1/Darwin's_Hawk_Moth.html 8 C. New mode of dispersing progeny 1. Seeds Seed formation Incorrect color in “c” - should be blue for food supply, which is haploid (megagametophyte). C&R, Fig. 30.2 29.14d Conifer life cycle 2. Fruits - more efficient dispersal Fruits - different kinds Wind-dispersed Animal dispersed - eaten Pine seed Animal dispersed - riding Coevolution with animals 30.20, 30.25 C&R, 30.15 Water-dispersed 2. Bryophyte life cycle and structure 3. Angiosperm life cycle a. ovule inside carpel b. smaller g’phyte c. Double fert: endosperm - 3n d. After fert: Ovule Æ seed Ovary wall Æ fruit 1. G’phyte vs. s’phyte 2. Archegonia and antheridia 3. Water for fert. 4. Embryo on g’phyte 5. Spores for dispersal 6. Roots and leaves? Fig. 30.17a 9