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SPECIAL SENSES The Special Senses • Special Senses: Organs and sensory receptors associated with touch, vision, hearing, taste, and smell • Organs include – eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and sensory receptors of the skin The Eye • 10 Facts about the Eye Video Eye • One inch in diameter sphere • Protected by: – Orbital socket /Skull – Eye lashes and brows – Lacrimal glands – produce tears which moisten and cleanse the eye – Conjunctiva- mucous membrane which lines eyes and covers front of eye to provide protection and lubrication 3 layers of eye 1. Sclera 2. Choroid coat 3. Retina Anatomy of the Eye 3 Layers 1. Sclera: white of the eye • Maintains the shape of the eye • Extrinsic muscles responsible for moving the eye within socket, are attached to outside of sclera 3 layers of eye (cont’d) 2. Choroid layer – Middle layer of eye – Vascular 3 layers of the eye (cont’d) 3. Retina – innermost layer of the eye Many layers of nerve cells which transmit light impulses to optic nerve 2 types of special cells: rods and cones Cones – sensitive to bright light and color - responsible for color vision Rods – sensitive to dim light Ophthalmoscope: used to examine retina Fovea Centralis • Retina viewed through ophthalmoscope, dark disc is macula . Within macula is fovea centralis which contains cones for color vision. • Blind spot (optic disc) – contains no rods or cones therefore no visual reception Optic Nerve • 4. Optic Nerve - Cranial Nerve II = responsible for vision Vitreous Humor • 5. Vitreous humor – transparent, jellylike substance filling posterior chamber of eye • Helps maintain eyeball’s spherical shape Lens • 6. Lens- located behind pupil/iris. • Sits in between anterior and posterior chamber of eye • Function is to refract or bend light as it passes through – to focus images on the retina • Lens held in place by suspensory ligaments Iris • 7. Iris – colored muscular layer. Behind cornea and in front of choroid coat. Contains 2 muscles which control size of pupil and regulates amount of light entering eye – 8. Intrinsic muscles – sphincter papillae (iris/pupil) – And suspensory ligaments and ciliary body (lens) Pupil • 9. Pupil – opening in center of iris. Light passes into eye through pupil Aqueous Humor • 10. Aqueous humor – water fluid in anterior chamber of eye Cornea • 11. Cornea – clear, circular area on front center of sclerotic coat • Has pain and touch receptors making it sensitive to foreign particles that come in contact with its surface • 12. suspensory ligaments – holds lens in place • 13. ciliary bodies – smooth muscle controlling shape of lens Conjunctiva • 14. Conjunctiva – thin membrane lining the eyelids and covers part of the eye (anterior portion) • Secretes mucous to lubricate eye • Cow Eye Dissection • Exploratorium Cow Eye Dissection Application • Identify and describe your table partner’s: pupil – how does the pupil react to light/dark iris sclera upper lid lower lid conjunctiva lacrimal duct (lacrimal canaliculus) Review of Structures of Eye • Structures of Eye Video Application: BS&F pg 180-181 • • • • • • • • Define the following vision disorders: Presbyopia Hyperopia Myopia Amblyopia Astigmatism Diplopia Stabismus Vision Disorders • Presbyopia – lens loses elasticity resulting in decreased ability to focus on close objects – usually onset at 40 yo • Hyperopia – farsightedness – eyeball shorter than normal – prescription lenses • Myopia – nearsightedness – eyeball elongatedprescription lenses • Amblyopia – dimness of vision in one eye, lazy eye. Tx: covering good eye to strengthen weak eye. If not tx by 8 or 9 yo blindness may occur • Astigmatism – irregular curvature of cornea or lens resulting in blurred vision or eye strain – prescription lenses Vision Disorders (cont’d) • Strabismus – cross eyes – extrinsic muscles of eye don’t coordinate activity. Can be corrected by eye exercises or surgery. Color blindness • • • • Cone cells of retina Genetic More prevalent in males than females Red-green – inability to distinguish between the two colors most common Vision Simulations • http://visionsimulations.com/ Vision Disorders • Night blindness – difficult to see at night due to defect in rod cells • Color blindness – inability to distinguish colors – usually heredity • http://colorvisiontesting.com/ishihara.htm Vision Testing • Snellen Chart • Kindergarten eye chart Vision Testing • Illiterate Eye Chart Vision Testing • Near Vision Chart Vision Testing • Ophthalmascope Eye Injuries • Chemical or solutions – rinse eye with eye wash or water • Fragments or particles – do not attempt to remove or rub eye, report to supervisor and seek medical attention Application: • • • • • • Define the following disorders and S&S and Tx: Cataract Conjunctivitis Glaucoma Macular degeneration Detached retina Eye Disorders Cataract: Lens becomes cloudy Usually as a result of aging Sometimes by trauma Leading cause of blindness in world Sx: blurred vision, gradual vision loss, yellowing of colors, halos around lights Tx: lens implant Cataract Surgery • cataract surgery video Conjunctivitis • Pink eye • Highly contagious • Viral or bacterial or allergic • Redness, pain, itching, discharge • Tx.: antibiotics Glaucoma • • • • • Increased intraocular pressure Excess aqueous humor Common after 40 2nd leading cause of blindness Sx – loss of peripheral vision, halos around lights, limited night vision • Tx. – medication, surgery Macular Degeneration • • • • Major cause of blindness Effects 10% of elderly Disease of macula – part of retina Caused by damage to blood vessels which nourish retina • S&S: blurred, distorted vision • Tx: currently no cure Detached Retina • Result of aging or traumatic injury • Tear in the retina • Loss of peripheral vision followed by loss of central vision • Tx: early detection important. Laser surgery Stye • Hordeolum • Tiny abscess at base of eyelash • Caused by inflammation of a sebaceous gland of eyelid • S&S: red, painful, swollen • Tx: warm, wet compresses Diabetic Retinopathy • Damage to retina due to long term diabetes • Swelling and leaking of vessels that supply blood to retina • S&S: pt sees red spots • Tx: Early detection – laser surgery Vitreous Floaters • Small, irregular shaped specks in vision field • Caused by tiny chunks of gel-like vitreous humor breaking off and floating in aqueous humor • Distracting, not a cause for alarm • Sudden, multiple floaters with flashes of light can be sign of retinal detachment Pathway of light through the eye • The images in the light “hit” the cornea -> pupil >lens • The light rays are bent or refracted ->retina >rods and cones pick up the stimulus -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm (where the two optic nerves cross) -> optic tracts -> occipital lobe of the brain for interpretation (Cornea – pupil-lens-retina-optic nerve-occipital lobe) The Ear • Special sense organ designed to pick up sound waves and send the impulses to the auditory center of the brain 3 anatomical regions of ear: • External ear – outer - hearing • Middle ear – tympanic membrane (eardrum) hearing • Internal ear – inner – hearing and balance The Outer Ear • Pinna- collects sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal to the eardrum or tympanic membrane, which separates the outer and middle ear • The auditory canal is lined with sebaceous or ceruminous glands that secrete a waxlike substance called cerumen – cleans, protects the ear, and lubricates Outer Ear • Pinna or auricle – cartilage • Collects sound waves and directs them to the auditory canal • external auditory meatus or auditory canal • Pinna- collects sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal • From auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), which separates the outer and middle ear • The auditory canal is lined with sebaceous glands that secrete a waxlike substance called cerumen – protects the ear (ear wax) Sound waves enter auricle -> external auditory canal -> vibrate on tympanic membrane The Middle Ear • The middle ear- cavity in the temporal bone • It connects with the pharynx (throat) by means of a tube called the Eustachian tube • The tube equalizes the ear pressure in the middle ear on both sides of tympanic membrane – A chain of 3 tiny bones called Ossicles is found in the middle ear • Malleus (Hammer) • Incus (Anvil) • Stapes (Stirrup) Malleus, Incus, Stapes – transmit and amplify sound waves What happens when we yawn: • A way to help bring pressure in the pharynx, Eustachian tube, and middle ear to same level as pressure outside the ear • Involuntary – yawn before we’re born • How Stuff Works: Yawning • Psychological? Physiological? Inner Ear • Most complex portion of ear • Separated from middle ear by membrane called oval window • Vestibule – first section – acts as entrance to 2 other parts of inner ear. • Cochlea – snail shell shaped – contains, delicate, hairlike cells, which make up Organ of Corti • Organ of Corti – receptor of sound waves – transmits impulses from sound waves to the auditory nerve temporal lobe interpreted as hearing • Semicircular canals – located in inner ear – contain liquid and delicate, hairlike cells that bend when liquid moves with head and body movements, maintains our sense of balance and equilibrium Pathway of Hearing • Sound waves -> pinna (auricle) -> auditory canal -> tympanic membrane -> ossicles -> stimulate the receptors on the cochlea -> cochlear nerve (part of vestibulocochlear nerve) -> temporal lobe of the brain for interpretation Ear disorders • Otitis media – middle ear – Infants/children Eustachian tube not developed – Bacteria or virus – Pain, pus, swelling, fever External Otitis • • • • • Swimmer’s ear Bacterial or fungal Caused by immersion in contaminated water S&S: pain, fever, temporary hearing loss Prevention: throughly cleaning and drying ear canal with alcohol based solution after swimming Ear disorders • Ostosclerosis – a chronic, progressive disease in which the stirrup becomes spongy and then hardens – results in hearing loss Ear disorders • Meniere’s disease – Affects the semicircular canals of the inner ear – Causes vertigo (dizziness) – May cause N/V and tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ear) – Treatments include medications for s/s Tinnitus • Ringing in ear • Hair cells in Organ of Corti that stimulate the auditory nerve are damaged • Normally, movement of hair cells triggered by sound waves • If damaged, hair cells move randomly, generating ringing in the ear • Most common cause: exposure to loud noise (including music) • Common and growing disorder: 50 million Inner Ear Infection • • • • Labyrinthitis – infection of inner ear Inflammation & swelling of inner ear Semicircular canals Vertigo (dizziness) and N&V Ear disorders • Presbycusis- deafness due to aging • Hearing loss can result from exposure to loud noise, conductive loss, and sensorineural damage • Hearing aids Application: • Differentiate between swimmer’s ear, middle ear infection, inner ear infection. • Swimmer’s ear – external otitis media – bacterial or fungal – pain, fever, temp hearing loss • Otitis Media –middle ear infection – bacterial or viral – pain, swelling, pus – common in children bc Eustachian tube not fully developed Application: • Using your smartphone, work with your table partner to research the following: • Research products OR services available for deafness or otitis media. • What products and/or services are available? • Discuss findings with your table partner • Be prepared to share your findings with class What is a cochlear implant? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zeg4qTnY Opw&feature=c4-overviewvl&list=PLtmKi6_4W4acy3H0KxLKG7lx9VEI8Je cw Tongue (Taste) • A mass muscle of tissue which has structures called papillae • There are taste buds for sweet, sour, salty, and bitter that are stimulated by the flavors of foods Tongue/Taste facts • Facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves transmit taste sensations to brain • Flavor is a combination of taste, smell, texture or consistency, and temperature • 75%-90% of what we taste is actually due to what we smell • Parietal lobe – taste/smell sensations Lab: What is difference bw taste and flavor? Hold your nose, chew jelly bean. What flavor is jelly bean? Describe what you taste. Let go of your nose. Continue chewing jelly bean. What happens? Did you get a sudden rush of flavor? Can you better identify flavor of jelly bean? What did you learn from this simple experiment? Tongue disorders • Hairiness- over growth of the normal projections • Discoloration- tongue may appear black if the person takes bismuth preparations for an upset stomach • Infection- may be the result of tongue piercings • Cancer- sores, lumps, discoloration, etc Hairy tongue, smoker’s tongue, cancer of tongue The Nose (Smell) • Detects about 10,000 smells • The specialized patch of tissue called the olfactory epithelium has the receptors that send stimuli to the olfactory nerve • Smell accounts for about 90% of what we think of taste Rhinitis • Inflammation of mucous membranes that line nasal passages • Most common cause – common cold • Allergies, chemical odors, illegal drugs Why do I get a runny nose? • Inflammation of nasal membranes causes release of histamines • Histamines – molecules which trigger a reaction that produces congestion and drainage • Tx: removing or minimizing irritant, antihistamines (decrease production of histamines) Nose disorders • Rhinitis- inflammation of the lining of the nose • Nasal polyps- growths in the naval cavity • Deviated nasal septum- a bend in the cartilage structure of the septum Touch • The sense of touch is due to very sensitive neurons that respond to pressure, heat, cold, touch, and pain • Each receptor perceives only one type of sense Careers related to Special Senses • • • • • Define: Audiologist Ophthalmologist Optometrist Otolaryngologist