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Transcript
Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) Kantian Ethics of Duty = Deontological 1. There are objective moral values 2. These principles can be known a priori 3. Moral principles must hold universally 4. Reason alone can deliver knowledge of principles that hold universally as duties 5. Duties are not hypothetical but categorical imperatives (nonconditional, nonempirical) 6. Autonomy of the will = moral principle Foundations / Groundwork (Grundlegung) • … therefore, the basis of obligation must not be sought in the nature of man, or in the circumstances in the world in which he is placed, but a priori simply in the conception of pure reason; and although any other precept which is founded on principles of mere experience may be in certain respects universal, yet in as far as it rests even in the least degree on an empirical basis, perhaps only as to a motive, such a precept, while it may be a practical rule, can never be called a moral law. The supreme principle of morality • Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. Good Will = Freedom • A good will is good not because of what it performs or effects, not by its aptness for the attainment of some proposed end, but simply by virtue of the volition; that is, it is good in itself, and considered by itself is to be esteemed much higher than all that can be brought about by it in favor of any inclination, nay even of the sum total of all inclinations. Categorical Imperative • Freedom of the Will = Autonomy = To act from Duty (as opposed to “according to duty”) • Maxim = the subjective principle of volition • The moral law = the objective principle (that which would also serve subjectively as a practical principle to all rational beings if reason had full power over desire) • Duty = to act out of respect for the moral law 1st Formula: Universalizability • There is therefore but one categorical imperative, namely, this: “Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” • … if there is a categorical imperative (i.e., a law for the will of every rational being), it can only command that everything be done from maxims of one's will regarded as a will which could at the same time will that it should itself give universal laws • Formal, universalizable conception of freedom 2nd Formula: Humanity as an End • “So act as to treat humanity, whether in thine own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, never as means only.” • This principle, that humanity and generally every rational nature is an end in itself (which is the supreme limiting condition of every man's freedom of action), is not borrowed from experience, … because it is universal, applying as it does to all rational beings, …as an objective end, which must as a law constitute the supreme limiting condition of all our subjective ends, … it must therefore spring from pure reason.