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VA. Earth Science SOLs wps 4/30/2017 1 Meteorology The study of the earth’s atmosphere. 4/30/2017 2 Weather describes day to day changes in atmosphereic conditions. 4/30/2017 3 Climate describes the typical weather patterns for a given location over a period of many years. 4/30/2017 4 Areas near the equator receive more of the sun’s energy per unit area than nearer the poles. 4/30/2017 5 The conditions necessary for cloud formation are: air is at or below dew point; and condensation nuclei are present. 4/30/2017 6 Cloud droplets can join together to form precipitation. 4/30/2017 7 The four major factors affecting climate are latitude, elevation, close to water, and close to mountains. 4/30/2017 8 The Coriolis effect causes deflections of the atmosphere due to rotation of the Earth. 4/30/2017 9 The Coriolis effect helps to create the global wind pattern. 4/30/2017 10 A Tornado is a narrow, violent funnel-shaped column of spiral winds. 4/30/2017 11 A Hurricane is a tropical cyclone spinning counterclockwise with sustained winds of 120 km per hour or greater. 4/30/2017 12 Global wind patterns 4/30/2017 13 Weather instruments thermometer, barometer, and a psychrometer. 4/30/2017 14 Read a weather map. 4/30/2017 15 Identify clouds 4/30/2017 16 Cirrus 4/30/2017 17 Cumulus 4/30/2017 18 Stratus 4/30/2017 19 Cumulonimbus 4/30/2017 20 Convection Is a Current that is set up when hot less dense material rises, cools, becomes denser and sinks. 4/30/2017 Hot stuff rises cold stuff sinks 21 Convection runs oceans, atmosphere and Earths interior.Plate tectonics is driven by convection in the Earth’s mantle.Some ocean currents are convection currents 4/30/2017 22 The earth is the third planet from the sun. 4/30/2017 23 The early atmosphere contained little oxygen and more carbon dioxide than the modern atmosphere. 4/30/2017 24 Early photosynthetic life (blue green algae) generated oxygen and consumed carbon dioxide. It was only after early photosynthetic life generated oxygen that animal life become possible. 4/30/2017 25 Earth’s atmosphere is 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1% trace gases. 4/30/2017 26 The atmosphere of Venus is mostly carbon dioxide and very dense. 4/30/2017 27 The Martian atmosphere is very thin and mostly Carbon Dioxide. 4/30/2017 28 Oceanography The study of the ocean. 4/30/2017 29 The tides are the daily, periodic rise and fall of water level caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. 4/30/2017 30 Most waves on the ocean surface are generated by the wind. 4/30/2017 31 There are large current systems in the oceans in the oceans that carry warm water towards the poles and cold water towards the equator. 4/30/2017 32 Sea level falls when glacial ice caps grow and rises when the ice caps melt. 4/30/2017 33 Upwellings bring cold, nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean to the surface and are areas of rich biological activity. 4/30/2017 34 Estuaries, like the Chesapeake Bay, are areas where fresh and salt water mix, producing variations in salinity and high biological activity. 4/30/2017 35 Algae in the oceans are an important source of atmospheric oxygen. 4/30/2017 36 The oceans are an important source of food and raw materials. 4/30/2017 37 Pollution and over-fishing can harm or deplete valuable resources. 4/30/2017 38 The stored heat in the ocean drives much of the Earth’s weather. 4/30/2017 39 The stored heat in the ocean causes climate near the ocean to be milder than climate in the interior of continents. 4/30/2017 40 Features of the seafloor that are related to plate tectonic processes include mid-ocean ridges and trenches. 4/30/2017 41 Other major topographic features of the oceans are continental shelves, continental slopes, abyssal plains, and seamounts. 4/30/2017 42 Astronomy the study of the heavens 4/30/2017 43 The sun consists largely of hydrogen gas. Its energy comes from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium. 4/30/2017 44 There are essentially two types of planets in our solar system. 4/30/2017 45 Four inner (terrestrial) planets made mostly of solid rock. 4/30/2017 46 Four outer planets are gas giants, consisting of thick outer layers of gaseous materials, perhaps with a small rocky core. 4/30/2017 47 The fifth outer planet Pluto has an unknown composition, and appears solid. 4/30/2017 48 Moons are natural satellites of planets that vary widely in composition 4/30/2017 49 The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began as a dense sphere that expanded and eventually condense into galaxies. 4/30/2017 50 The solar nebular theory explains that the planets formed through condensing of the solar nebula. 4/30/2017 51 Stars form by condensation of interstellar gas. 4/30/2017 52 Galaxies are collections of large numbers ( billions) of stars. The sun is in the Milky Way Galaxy. 4/30/2017 53 The basic types of galaxies are spiral, elliptical, and irregular. 4/30/2017 54 A light year is the distance light travels in one year and is the most commonly used measurement for distance in astronomy. Today many astronomers use the Parsec. 4/30/2017 55 Much of our information about our galaxy and the universe comes from ground-based observations. 4/30/2017 56 The Hubble Space telescope has greatly improved our understanding of the Universe. 4/30/2017 57 Measure mass and volume of materials in the lab. 4/30/2017 58 Calculate density. 4/30/2017 59 Interpret data from a graph or table that show change in mass, density, or temperature with time. 4/30/2017 60 Interpret data from a graph or table that shows changes with temperature or pressure with depth. 4/30/2017 61 Compare topographic maps of different scales. 4/30/2017 62 Construct a graph, table, chart, and/or diagram from data. 4/30/2017 63 Interpret graphs and diagrams. 4/30/2017 64 Use the scientific method to design and test a Hypothesis. 4/30/2017 65 Make predictions using scientific data and data analysis. 4/30/2017 66 Use data to support or reject a hypothesis. 4/30/2017 67 Explain how the scientific method is used to validate scientific theories. 4/30/2017 68 Read and interpret maps, with legends and lines ( contour or isobar) used on maps. 4/30/2017 69 Locate points and directions on maps and globes using latitude and longitude. 4/30/2017 70 Construct profiles from topographic contours. 4/30/2017 71 Determine distance and elevation on a map. 4/30/2017 72 Identify a hilltop, stream, and valley on a topographic map. 4/30/2017 73 The Earth consists of a solid, mostly iron inner core; a rocky, plastic mantle; and a rock brittle crust. 4/30/2017 74 The lithosphere is the solid outer shell of the earth. 4/30/2017 75 Relative plate motions and plate boundaries are convergent, divergent or transform. 4/30/2017 76 Earthquake activity is associated with all plate boundaries. 4/30/2017 77 Convergent boundaries include collision zones and subduction zones. 4/30/2017 78 Major features of divergent boundaries include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and volcanoes. 4/30/2017 79 Major features of transform boundaries include strike-slip faults. 4/30/2017 80 Ocean crust is relatively thin, young and dense. 4/30/2017 81 Continental crust is relatively thick old and less dense. 4/30/2017 82 Continental Drift is a consequence of plate tectonics. 4/30/2017 83 Hot spot volcanic activity is exceptional in that it is not related to plate boundaries. 4/30/2017 84 A fault is a break or crack in the Earth’s crust along which movement has occurred. 4/30/2017 85 Most active faults are located at or near plate boundaries. Earthquakes result when movement occurs along a fault. 4/30/2017 86 When rocks are compressed horizontally, their layers may be deformed into wave-like forms called folds. This commonly occurs during continental collisions. 4/30/2017 87 A volcano is an opening where magma is erupted onto the Earth’s surface. Most volcanic activity is associated with subduction, rifting or sea-floor spreading. 4/30/2017 88 Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down by the action of water, air, and organisms. 4/30/2017 89 Erosion is the process by which earth materials are transported by moving water, ice, or wind. 4/30/2017 90 Deposition is the process by which Earth materials carried by wind, water, or ice settle out and are deposited. 4/30/2017 91 Weathering accelerates erosion and thus increases the rate of deposition. 4/30/2017 92 The potential for erosion is greatest in areas of high relief. 4/30/2017 93 The potential for deposition is greatest in areas of low relief, especially standing water, and particularly the ocean. 4/30/2017 94 Soil is loose rock fragments and clay derived from weathered rock mixed with organic material. 4/30/2017 95 Karst topography forms when limestone is slowly dissolved away by slightly acidic groundwater. 4/30/2017 96 Where limestone is abundant in Valley and ridge province of Virginia, karst topograhy is common. 4/30/2017 97 Permeability is measure of the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit water or other liquids. 4/30/2017 98 Water does not easily pass through impermeable materials. 4/30/2017 99 Geological processes, such as erosion, and human activities, such as waste disposal, can pollute water supplies. 4/30/2017 100 Interpret a simple groundwater diagram showing the zone of aeration, the zone of saturation, the water table and an aquifer. 4/30/2017 101 Interpret a simple hydrological cycle diagram, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. 4/30/2017 102 A mineral is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, solid substance with a definite chemical composition and structure. 4/30/2017 103 Minerals may be identified by their physical properties such as hardness, color, luster, and streak. 4/30/2017 104 Mineral color 4/30/2017 105 Mineral luster 4/30/2017 106 Mineral streak 4/30/2017 107 Most rock are made of one or more minerals. 4/30/2017 108 Some major rock-forming minerals are quartz feldspar, calcite and mica. 4/30/2017 109 Ore minerals include pyrite, magnetite, hematite, galena, halite, graphite, and sulfur. 4/30/2017 110 Igneous rock forms from molten rock that cools and hardens either below or on the Earth’s surface. 4/30/2017 111 Sedimentary rocks form from rock fragments or organic matter bound together, or are formed by chemical precipitation. 4/30/2017 112 Metamorphic rocks form by the effects of heat, pressure or chemical action on other rocks. 4/30/2017 113 Extrusive igneous rocks have small crystals and a fine-grained texture. 4/30/2017 114 Intrusive igneous rocks have larger crystals and a coarse-grained texture. 4/30/2017 115 Extrusive igneous rocks include pumice, obsidian and basalt. 4/30/2017 116 Intrusive igneous rocks include granite. 4/30/2017 117 Sedimentary rocks are clastic or nonclastic. 4/30/2017 118 Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of fragments of other rocks like sandstone, conglomerate and shale. 4/30/2017 119 Non-clastic sedimentary rocks include limestone and gypsum. 4/30/2017 120 Metamorphic rocks can be foliated or unfoliated. 4/30/2017 121 Foliated metamorphic rocks have fine layers and include slate,schist, and gneiss. 4/30/2017 122 Interpret the rock cycle diagram. 4/30/2017 123 Classify the following rock types as igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary. 4/30/2017 124 Pumice 4/30/2017 125 Obsidian 4/30/2017 126 Basalt 4/30/2017 127 Granite 4/30/2017 128 Sandstone 4/30/2017 129 Conglomerate 4/30/2017 130 Shale 4/30/2017 131 Limestone 4/30/2017 132 Gypsum 4/30/2017 133 Slate 4/30/2017 134 Schist 4/30/2017 135 Gneiss 4/30/2017 136 Marble 4/30/2017 137 Quartzite 4/30/2017 138 Renewable resources can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which it is being used. 4/30/2017 139 Renewable resources include vegatation, sunlight, and surface water. 4/30/2017 140 Non-renewable resources are renewed very slowly or not at all. 4/30/2017 141 Non-renewable resources include coal, oil, and minerals. 4/30/2017 142 Fossil fuels are non-renewable and cause pollution, but the are relatively cheap and easy to use. 4/30/2017 143 Major Virginia rock and mineral resources include coal for energy, gravel and crushed stone for road construction, and limestone for making concrete. Virginia also has newly discovered deposits of titanium. 4/30/2017 144 The five physiological provinces are Coastal plain, Piedmont, Blue ridge, Valley and Ridge, Appalachian Plateau. 4/30/2017 145 The Coastal Plain is a flat area underlain by young, unconsolidated sediments. These layers of sediment were produced by erosion of the Appalachain Mountains and then deposited on the Coastal Plain. 4/30/2017 146 The Piedmont is an area of rolling hills underlain by mostly ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks. The igneous rocks are the roots of volcanoes formed during an ancient episode of subduction that occurred before the formation of the Appalachian Mountains. 4/30/2017 147 The Blue Ridge is a high ridge separating the Piedmont from the Valley and Ridge Province. The billion-year old igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Blue Ridge are the oldest in the state. Some metamorphism of these rocks occurred during the formation of the Appalachian Mountians. 4/30/2017 148 The Valley and ridge province is an area with long parallel ridges and valleys underlain by ancient folded and faulted sedimentary rocks. The folding and faulting of the sedimentary rocks occurred during a collision between Africa and North America. The collision, which occurred in the late Paleozoic, produced the Appalachian Mountains. 4/30/2017 149 The Appalachian Plateau has rugged irregular topography and is underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rocks. The area is actually a series of plateaus separated by faults. Most of Virginia’s coal resources are found in the plateau province. 4/30/2017 150 Label a map of the physiographic provinces of Virginia. 4/30/2017 151 A fossil is the remains, impressions, or other evidence of the former existence of life preserved in rock. 4/30/2017 152 Some ways in which fossils can be preserved are molds, casts, and original bone or shell. 4/30/2017 153 Almost all fossils are found in sedimentary rocks. 4/30/2017 154 In Virginia, fossils are found mainly in the Coastal Plain, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau provinces. 4/30/2017 155 Most Virginia Fossils are of marine organisms. This indicates that large areas of the state have been periodically covered by seawater. 4/30/2017 156 Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic fossils are found in Virginia. 4/30/2017 157 Describe how life has changed and become more complex over geologic time. 4/30/2017 158 Relative time places events in a sequence without assigning any numerical ages. 4/30/2017 159 Fossils superposition, and cross-cutting relations are used to determine the relative age of rocks. 4/30/2017 160 Absolute time places a numerical age on an event. 4/30/2017 161 Radioactive decay is used to determine the absolute age of rocks. 4/30/2017 162 Interpret a simple geologic history diagram using superposition and cross-cutting relations. 4/30/2017 163 Human activities have increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. 4/30/2017 164 Man-made chemicals have decreased the ozone concentration in the upper atmosphere. 4/30/2017 165 Volcanic activity and meteorite impacts can inject large quantities of dust and gases into the atmosphere. 4/30/2017 166 The ability of the Earth’s atmosphere to absorb and retain heat is affected by the presence of gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide. 4/30/2017 167 Explain how volcanic activity or meteor impacts could affect the atmosphere and life on Earth. 4/30/2017 168 The end. 4/30/2017 169 Special thanks is given to the following: Internet domain, Altavista search engine, All Educational institutions and Businesses. Produced by CC productions. 4/30/2017 170