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Chapter 13 Gender and Sexuality Table of Contents Exit Defining Some Terms Sex: Whether you are biologically male or female Gender: All the psychological and social characteristics associated with being male or female; defined by one’s gender identity and learned gender roles Primary Sexual Characteristics: Sexual and internal reproductive organs Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Features other than genitals and reproductive organs (breasts, facial hair, etc.) that appear at puberty Menarche: Onset of menstruation; a woman’s first menstrual period Table of Contents Exit Some More Terms to Know Ovulation: Release of ova (eggs) from the ovaries Menopause: End of monthly menstrual cycles; usually occurs in the late 40’s or early 50’s Gonads: Sex glands; testes in males and ovaries in females Estrogens: Female Hormones Androgens: Male hormones Testosterone: Male sex hormone (androgen) secreted mainly by the testes Table of Contents Exit Dimensions of Sex Genetic Sex: XX or XY chromosomes Gonadal Sex: Ovaries or testes Hormonal Sex: Predominance of androgens or estrogens Genital Sex: Clitoris and vagina in females; penis and scrotum in males Gender Identity: One’s subjective sense of being male or female Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.1 Cutaway view of internal and external male reproductive structures. Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.2 Cutaway view of internal and external female reproductive structures Table of Contents Exit Prenatal Sexual Development Androgen Insensitivity: Inherited disorder; male embryos fail to develop male genitals because of an unresponsiveness to testosterone Intersexual Person: Ambiguous genital sexuality; having genitals that suggest both sexes Androgenital Syndrome: Genetic abnormality; adrenals produce excess androgen, sometimes creating a female child with male genitals before birth Biological Biasing Effect: Exposure to prenatal androgens and estrogens may influence the body, nervous system, and later behavior patterns Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.3 Prenatal development of the reproductive organs. Early development of ovaries or testes affects hormonal balance and alters sexual anatomy. (a) At first the sex organs are the same in the human female and male. (b) When androgens are absent, female structures begin to develop. (c) Male sex organs are produced when androgens are present. Table of Contents Exit Gender Roles Sometimes known as sex roles; favored pattern of behavior for males and females E.g. girls are expected to be sensitive, and boys dominant Gender Role Stereotypes: Oversimplified beliefs (stereotypes) about what men and women are really like Gender roles appear to be learned Instrumental Behaviors: Goal-directed behaviors Expressive Behaviors: Expresses or communicates emotion or personal feelings Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.4 Recorded differences in various abilities that exist between women and men are based on averages. For example, if we were to record the number of men and women who have low, medium, or high scores on tests of language ability, we might obtain graphs like those shown. For other abilities men would have a higher average. However, such average differences are typically small. As a result, the overlap in female abilities and male abilities is very large (Breedlove, 1994). Table of Contents Exit CNN – Warrior Mentality Table of Contents Exit Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and Androgyny BSRI: Created by Sandra Bem Consists of 60 personal traits, 20 each for “masculine,” “feminine,” and “neutral” Androgyny: Having both masculine and feminine traits in a single person Androgynous individuals are more adaptable in our society Rigid gender stereotypes can restrict behavior, especially males’ Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.5 One study found that even the parents of 2-year-olds strongly encourage their toddlers to play with “sex-appropriate” toys. Parents’ nonverbal responses to toys were consistently more positive when a toy matched stereotypes for the child’s gender (Calder, Huston & O’Brien, 1989). Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.6 Another indication of the possible benefits of androgyny is found in a study of reactions to stress. When confronted with an onslaught of negative events, strongly masculine or feminine persons become more depressed than androgynous individuals do. (Adapted from Roos & Cohen, 1987.) Table of Contents Exit Sexual Behavior and Arousal Erogenous Zones: Areas of the body that produce pleasure and/or provoke erotic desires (genitals, breasts, etc.) Sexual Scripts: Unspoken mental plans that guide our sexual behavior Sex Drive: Strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behavior Table of Contents Exit Sexual Behavior (cont.) Castration: Surgical removal of the testes or ovaries Sterilization: Surgery (vasectomy or tubal ligation) to make a man or woman infertile Masturbation: Self-stimulation of the genitals that causes sexual pleasure or orgasm Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.7 These graphs show the frequency of sexual intercourse for American adults. To generalize, about one third of the people surveyed have sex twice a week or more, one third a few times a month, and one third a few times a year or not at all. The overall average is about once a week (Laumann et al., 1994). Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.8 Average frequency of sexual intercourse per week for adults in the United States. Average intervals for intercourse decline from once every 4 to 5 days in young adulthood, to once every 16 days in the sixties. Remember that averages such as these are lowered by the inclusion of people ho are abstinent or who do not have sexual partners (such as many widowed persons). However, the age declines noted here also show up for people who are married, ranging from an average rate of intercourse of twice a week for couples younger than 30 to once every 3 weeks for those older than 70. This suggests that the average frequency of intercourse does decline with advancing age (Smith, 1990). Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.9 Percentage of women and men who masturbate. (data from James & Janus, 1993). Table of Contents Exit Sexual Orientation Definition: Degree of emotional and erotic attraction to members of the same sex, opposite sex, or both sexes Heterosexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to the opposite sex Bisexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to both sexes Homosexual: Romantically and erotically attracted to the same sex Homophobia: Fear of homosexuality Table of Contents Exit CNN - Gay by Nature Table of Contents Exit CNN – Harassment of Gay teens Table of Contents Exit Human Sexual Response: Masters and Johnson’s Discoveries Sexual response can be divided into four phases that occur in the following order: Excitement: Initial signs of sexual arousal Plateau: Physical arousal intensifies Orgasm: Climax and release of sexual excitement Resolution: Return to lower levels of sexual tension and arousal Table of Contents Exit Human Sexual Response: Masters and Johnson’s Discoveries (cont.) Ejaculation: Release of sperm and seminal fluid (semen) by the male at orgasm Refractory Period: Short time period after orgasm when males are unable to orgasm again Table of Contents Exit Atypical Sexual Behaviors Paraphilias: Sexual deviations; tend to be compulsive or destructive preferences or behaviors Pedophilia: Sex with children; child molesting Exhibitionism: “Flashing” genitals to unwilling viewers Table of Contents Exit More Atypical Sexual Behaviors Sexual Sadism: Deriving sexual pleasure from inflicting pain Sexual Masochism: Deriving sexual pleasure from receiving pain Frotteurism: Sexually touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person, usually in a public place like an elevator or subway Table of Contents Exit Child Molestation Most are males and married Two-thirds are fathers Most molestations rarely exceed fondling Impact of molestation depends on how long the abuse lasts and whether genital sexual acts are involved Table of Contents Exit Signs of Child Molestation Child fears being seen nude (e.g., bathing), when these fears were previously absent Child develops physical complaints like headaches, stomachaches, and other stress-related symptoms Child becomes markedly emotional and irritable Table of Contents Exit More Signs of Child Molestation Child engages in hazardous risk taking, such as jumping from high places or riding a bicycle dangerously in traffic Child reveals self-destructive or suicidal thoughts Child shows a loss of self-esteem or self-worth Table of Contents Exit Tactics of Child Molesters Most act alone Most assaults take place in abuser’s home Many abusers gain access to the child through caretaking Children are targeted first through bribes, gifts, and games Abuser tries to lull child into participation through touch, talking about sex, and persuasion (May occur through email or chat rooms) Abuser then uses force, anger, threats, and bribes to gain continued compliance Table of Contents Exit Attitudes and the Crime of Rape Double Standard: Applying different rules for judging the appropriateness of male and female sexual behaviors Acquaintance (Date) Rape: Forced intercourse that occurs in the context of a date or other voluntary encounter Forcible Rape: Sexual intercourse that is carried out against the victim’s will, usually under the threat of bodily violence Rape is a crime of violence, brutality, and aggression Men can also be subjected to rape Table of Contents Exit Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) A disease that is passed from one person to another by intimate physical contact; a venereal disease Asymptomatic: Having a disease while lacking obvious symptoms of illness Makes the disease harder to detect Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Sexually transmitted virus that disables the immune system Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Caused by HIV and frequently fatal. The immune system is weakened, allowing other diseases and infections to invade the body White Blood Cell count is often lowered dangerously Table of Contents Exit STD: Risky Behaviors Sharing drug needles and syringes Anal sex, with or without a condom Unprotected sex (without a condom) with an infected partner Sex with someone you know, or do not know, who has several partners Vaginal or oral sex with an intravenous drug user Having many sex partners Table of Contents Exit Fig. 13.12 Popular professional basketball start Earvin “Magic” Johnson stunned fans when he announced that he had tested positive for HIV. Johnson, who is heterosexual, emphasized that his infection is a warning that anyone who is sexually active can contact HIV if they don’t follow safe sex practices. Johnson further stressed that abstinence is the surest way to prevent AIDS. Johnson’s infection increased public awareness about AIDS. Unfortunately, though, it has resulted in little real change in risky behavior (Brown, et al., 1996). Table of Contents Exit Safer Sex Practices Not having sex Not injecting drugs Using a condom Sex with one mutually faithful, uninfected partner Not engaging in sex while intoxicated Reducing the number of sex partners Table of Contents Exit Sexual Desire and Arousal Disorders Hypoactive Sexual Desire: Persistent, upsetting loss of sexual desire Both aspects must be present Sexual Aversion: Feelings of fear, anxiety or disgust about engaging in sex Erectile Disorder: Inability to maintain an erection for lovemaking and intercourse; once known as impotence. Also known as erectile dysfunction Psychogenic: Having psychological and not physical causes Sensate Focus: Type of therapy that directs attention to natural sensations of pleasure and also builds communication skills Table of Contents Exit Orgasmic and Sexual Pain Disorders Female Orgasmic Disorder: Persistent inability to reach orgasm during lovemaking The woman may reach orgasm during masturbation, however Premature Ejaculation: Ejaculation that persistently occurs before the male and his partner want it to occur Squeeze Technique: Method for inhibiting ejaculation by compressing the tip of the penis Dyspareunia: Genital pain before, during, and after intercourse Rare in males Vaginismus: Condition where muscle spasms of the vagina making penetration by the penis difficult, painful, or impossible Table of Contents Exit Sexual Satisfaction (McCarthy, 1995) Elements necessary for a continuing healthy sexual relationship Sexual anticipation Valuing one’s sexuality Feeling that you deserve sexual pleasure Valuing intimacy Table of Contents Exit Ways to Avoid Intimacy (Strong & DeVault, 1994) Don’t talk about anything meaningful Never show your feelings Pretend everything is okay, even if you are upset or dissatisfied Always win, never compromise Always keep busy Table of Contents Exit Ways to Avoid Intimacy (cont.) Always be right Never argue Make your partner guess what you want Always take care of your own needs first Keep the television set on Table of Contents Exit