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Chapter 34 Part-2 Pages 804-810 America Dooms Loyalist Spain • During the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), Spanish rebels led by the fascist General Francisco Franco rose up against the leftist-leaning republican government. – In order to stay out of the war, the U.S. put an embargo on both the loyalist government, which was supported by the USSR, and the rebels, which were aided by Hitler and Mussolini – Thus, during the Spanish Civil War, the U.S. simply stood by while Franco smothered the democratic government and Spain became a fascist dictatorship. – America also failed to build up its fleet, since most people believed that huge fleets led to huge wars. • It was not until 1938 that Congress passed a billiondollar naval construction act, but then it was too little, too late. Pablo Picasso’s Guernica Appeasing Japan and Germany • In 1937 , Japan again invaded China, but FDR didn’t call this conflict a “war”, thus allowing the Chinese to still get arms from the U.S. • In Chicago of the same year, FDR verbally chastised Japan in his famous “Quarantine Speech” in which he called for Japanese punishment through economic embargoes. • This proved to actually be a significant step toward war with Japan because of Japanese dependency on U.S. trade. – The Quarantine Speech encouraged Americans to stay neutral but to morally side against the fascist nations. – However, the speech angered many isolationists, and FDR backed down a bit from any more direct actions. The Japanese Invasion of China, 1937 • In December 1937, the Japanese bombed and sank the American gunboat, the Panay, but then made the necessary apologies, ”saving” America from entering war. – To vent their frustration, the Japanese resorted to humiliating white civilians in China through slappings and strippings. – The Panay incident further demonstrated America’s determination to stay neutral. • Meanwhile, Hitler was growing bolder and bolder after being allowed to introduce mandatory military service in Germany, take over the German Rhineland, persecute and exterminate Jews, and occupy Austria - All because the European powers were appeasing him. – They were naively hoping that each conquest of Germany would be the last. The Austrian Anschluss, 1936 The “Problem” of the Sudetenland • However, Hitler didn’t stop, and at the September 1938 Munich Conference, Britain and France agreed to “buy peace” with Hitler by letting him take the Sudetenland province of neighboring Czechoslovakia on the condition that Hitler would seek no more land. • British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain returned to England and gave his infamous claim that he’d achieved “peace in our time”-true, but it proved to be a short time. • Merely six months later in 1939, the treacherous Hitler reneged on the peace deal and took over ALL of Czechoslovakia, and again the Allies did nothing to stop him. • The lesson of the Munich Conference is vital: Do NOT appease aggressors – You give the bully an inch – they’ll take it a mile. The United States has routinely used the lesson of the Munich Conference to dictate its foreign policy since WWII. • LEARN FROM HISTORY: DO NOT REPEAT THE MISTAKES OF YOUR PAST!!!!! Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939 What Next? 1938 The Western European democracies looked on helplessly as Nazi Germany swallowed up Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938, and Hitler’s juggernaut seemed unstoppable. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality • On August 23, 1939, the U.S.S.R shocked the world by signing a “nonaggression pact” with Germany. – Now, it seemed that Germany could engulf all of Europe without having to worry about fighting a two-front war as they had in WWI. • In essence, the nonaggression pact opened the door for Hitler to invade Poland, which he did in September. France and Britain FINALLY declared war against Germany, and World War II began. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov German Troops March into Warsaw • America, however, refused to enter the war, its citizens not wanting to be “suckers” again. – Americans were anti-Hitler and anti-Nazi and wanted Britain and France to win, but they would not permit themselves to be dragged into fighting and bloodshed. • European powers needed American supplies, but the previous Neutrality Acts forbade the sale of arms to nations in war. • SO a new Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed European nations to buy war materials, but only on a “cashand-carry” basis, which meant Europeans had to provide their own ships to transport supplies AND pay for the arms in cash . – Since the British and French controlled the seas, the Germans couldn’t buy arms from America (as it was intended, of course).