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Chapter 34
Part-2
Pages 804-810
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
• During the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), Spanish
rebels led by the fascist General Francisco
Franco rose up against the leftist-leaning
republican government.
– In order to stay out of the war, the U.S. put an
embargo on both the loyalist government, which
was supported by the USSR, and the rebels, which
were aided by Hitler and Mussolini
– Thus, during the Spanish Civil War, the U.S.
simply stood by while Franco smothered the
democratic government and Spain became a
fascist dictatorship.
– America also failed to build up its fleet, since most
people believed that huge fleets led to huge wars.
• It was not until 1938 that Congress passed a billiondollar naval construction act, but then it was too little,
too late.
Pablo Picasso’s Guernica
Appeasing Japan and Germany
• In 1937 , Japan again invaded China, but FDR didn’t call this conflict a
“war”, thus allowing the Chinese to still get arms from the U.S.
• In Chicago of the same year, FDR verbally chastised Japan in his
famous “Quarantine Speech” in which he called for Japanese
punishment through economic embargoes.
• This proved to actually be a significant step toward war with Japan
because of Japanese dependency on U.S. trade.
– The Quarantine Speech encouraged Americans to stay neutral but to
morally side against the fascist nations.
– However, the speech angered many isolationists, and FDR backed down a
bit from any more direct actions.
The Japanese Invasion
of China, 1937
• In December 1937, the Japanese bombed and sank the American
gunboat, the Panay, but then made the necessary apologies,
”saving” America from entering war.
– To vent their frustration, the Japanese resorted to humiliating white
civilians in China through slappings and strippings.
– The Panay incident further demonstrated America’s determination to
stay neutral.
• Meanwhile, Hitler was
growing bolder and
bolder after being
allowed to introduce
mandatory military
service in Germany, take
over the German
Rhineland, persecute
and exterminate Jews,
and occupy Austria - All
because the European
powers were appeasing
him.
– They were naively hoping
that each conquest of
Germany would be the
last.
The Austrian Anschluss, 1936
The “Problem” of the
Sudetenland
•
However, Hitler didn’t stop, and at the
September 1938 Munich Conference,
Britain and France agreed to “buy peace”
with Hitler by letting him take the
Sudetenland province of neighboring
Czechoslovakia on the condition that Hitler
would seek no more land.
•
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
returned to England and gave his infamous
claim that he’d achieved “peace in our
time”-true, but it proved to be a short time.
•
Merely six months later in 1939, the
treacherous Hitler reneged on the peace
deal and took over ALL of
Czechoslovakia, and again the Allies did
nothing to stop him.
•
The lesson of the Munich Conference is
vital: Do NOT appease aggressors – You
give the bully an inch – they’ll take it a mile.
The United States has routinely used the
lesson of the Munich Conference to dictate
its foreign policy since WWII.
• LEARN FROM HISTORY: DO
NOT REPEAT THE MISTAKES
OF YOUR PAST!!!!!
Appeasement: The Munich
Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr
Hitler is a man we can do business with.
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of
the Third Reich: 1939
What Next? 1938 The Western
European democracies
looked on helplessly as Nazi Germany
swallowed up
Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938,
and
Hitler’s juggernaut seemed
unstoppable.
Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
•
On August 23, 1939, the U.S.S.R shocked the world by signing a “nonaggression
pact” with Germany.
– Now, it seemed that Germany could engulf all of Europe without having to
worry about fighting a two-front war as they had in WWI.
•
In essence, the nonaggression pact opened the door for Hitler to invade Poland,
which he did in September. France and Britain FINALLY declared war against
Germany, and World War II began.
The Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers
von Ribbentrop & Molotov
German Troops March into Warsaw
•
America, however, refused to enter
the war, its citizens not wanting to
be “suckers” again.
– Americans were anti-Hitler and
anti-Nazi and wanted Britain
and France to win, but they
would not permit themselves to
be dragged into fighting and
bloodshed.
•
European powers needed
American supplies, but the
previous Neutrality Acts forbade
the sale of arms to nations in war.
•
SO a new Neutrality Act of 1939
allowed European nations to buy
war materials, but only on a “cashand-carry” basis, which meant
Europeans had to provide their
own ships to transport supplies
AND pay for the arms in cash .
– Since the British and French
controlled the seas, the
Germans couldn’t buy arms
from America (as it was
intended, of course).