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Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 15 Digestive System Review
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Introduction
1) Digestion breaks down nutrients in food. Why is this necessary?
Layers of the Alimentary Canal
1) What are the layers of the alimentary canal starting from the outside?
2) What is the general function of each layer?
Alimentary Canal vs. Accessory Organs
1) What determines whether an organ is an accessory organ or part of the alimentary canal?
2) Name the accessory organs.
3) Name the alimentary canal organs in order as food passes through them.
Mouth
1) Describe the mechanical and chemical breakdown within the mouth (name any enzymes that
are involved and what that enzyme does).
2) What is the function of each type of tooth in the mouth?
3) What is a bolus?
Salivary Glands
1) What are the functions of the salivary glands?
Pharynx and Esophagus
1) Describe the mechanical and chemical breakdown within the esophagus and pharynx (name
any enzymes that are involved and what that enzyme does).
2) What is heartburn?
Movement within the alimentary canal
1) What is peristalsis? Where does it take place?
2) What are mixing waves? Where do they take place?
Stomach
1) What hormones affect the stomach? How does the stomach respond to each hormone?
2) Sketch the stomach and label the major areas within it.
3) What causes ulcers? What types of medication are prescribed to treat ulcers. How might these
medications affect digestion in the stomach? Why?
4) Describe the mechanical and chemical breakdown within the stomach (name any enzymes that
are involved and what that enzyme does).
5) What is in gastric juice?
6) What is chyme?
Pancreas
1) What hormones affect the pancreas? How does the pancreas respond to each hormone?
2) Describe the mechanical and chemical breakdown caused by the pancreatic secretions (name
any enzymes that are involved and what that enzyme does).
3) What is the function of bicarbonate? Why is it necessary?
4) Why are protein digesting enzymes that are made in the stomach and pancreas produced in an
inactive form?
Liver
1) Describe the mechanical and chemical breakdown caused by liver secretions (name any
enzymes that are involved and what that enzyme does).
2) If the liver were damaged, the digestion of what nutrient would be most affected? Why?
Gallbladder
1) What is the function of the gallbladder?
2) How are the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder all connected?
Bile
1) What are the components of bile? Which components take part in digestion?
2) What is emulsification? Why is it necessary? Is it a form of chemical or mechanical digestion?
Where does emulsification occur?
Small Intestine
1) What causes the secretion of cholecystokinin from the small intestine wall?
2) Describe the mechanical and chemical breakdown within the small intestine (name any enzymes
that are involved and what that enzyme does).
3) Name the parts of the small intestine in order.
4) What main function does the small intestine have besides the final breakdown of food?
Large Intestine
1) What is the function of the large intestine?
2) Describe the mechanical and chemical breakdown within the Large intestines (name any
enzymes that are involved and what that enzyme does).
3) Name the parts of the large intestine in order.
Sphincters
1) Sphincters are used throughout the digestive system. What is there purpose?
2) Name the sphincters in the digestive system and describe their location.