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Skeletal System
Anatomy
Internal Bone Structure
Bone Growth
http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/bone/bone5.htm
Animation of growth
Fractures
• To make sure bones heal properly, the
fragments must be aligned and
supported, either by an external cast or
internal metal pins
http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec05/ch062/ch062a.html
Engineering for Bones
Joints
• Joints - where two bones meet
• Ligaments - fibers that hold bones together
• Not all joints can move
• Ex. skull plates, bones in pelvis
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Joints
• Joints that move have cartilage at the
ends, and liquid in between for cushioning
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1) Hinge joint – bends in one direction
Ex. Elbow, knee
2) Ball & socket joint – rotates around
Ex. Hip, shoulder
3) Gliding joint – many directions
Ex. Wrist, ankle
4) Pivot joint – twists
Ex. neck
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Engineering for Joints
• Joint replacement
http://www.genufix.com/total_knee_replacement_photos.htm
Muscle Structure
• The human body has over 600 muscles
• Muscles fibers contain important proteins
called actin and myosin which allow them to
contract (when signaled by the nervous
system)
• They consume a lot of oxygen and energy
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Major muscles
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Muscle Types
• Smooth muscle – digestive system,
involuntary
• Cardiac muscle – heart, involuntary
• Skeletal muscle – attach to bones via
tendons, voluntary
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Muscle Structure
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Movement
• Brain tells muscle to contract/relax using
nerve fibers
• Muscles contract/relax and pull bones
using tendons
• Bones bend at the joints
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Tendon vs. Ligament
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Engineering for Limbs
Engineering for Limbs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1lZe5xW-pE