Download Competency Goal #1

Competency Goal #1
Investigate the foundations
of the American political
system and explore basic
values and principles of
American democracy
Competency Goal #1
► Objective
1.01 = Describe how geographic
diversity influenced economic and political
life in colonial North America.
 Major Concepts
►Regional
divisions in the colonies
►Economic growth
►Colonial social structures
►Political / Government structure
►Ethnic and Religious Diversity
Objective 1.01
Terms
New England
Middle Colonies
► Southern Colonies
► Jamestown
► Plantation system
► Mercantilism
► Indentured Servants
► Slavery
► Middle Passage
► Triangular Trade Route
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Pilgrims
Puritans
Quakers
Catholics
American Indians
Religious dissenters
Bacon’s Rebellion
Town Meetings
Joint-Stock / Proprietary / Royal
/Self-Governing Colonies
Salem Witch Trials
Competency Goal #1
►Objective
1.04 = Elaborate on the emergence of an
American identity.
 Major Concepts
► Separation of Church and State
► Institution of Slavery
► Religious pluralism
► Consent of the Governed
Objective 1.04
Terms
► Slave
Trade
► Suffrage
► Nationalism
► Land
Ownership
North American Colonization
► The
rise of nation-states in Europe created
national rivalries, with nations attempting to
out-do one another.
► With the Protestant Reformation there came
religious conflict; each nation wanted to
spread it religion – Protestant V. Catholic.
Spain
Spain developed great empires in
the New World.
The Spanish established New
Spain mainly in Mexico and
South America, but also in the
southern United States.
Spain
► As
Spain established its rule, the monarchs named
a viceroy, a governor who ruled in the name of
the Crown.
► The land was divided into large estates called
encomiendas, which were later abolished and
replaced by haciendas.
► They established outposts that later became
towns.
► The dominating feature of these towns was the
cathedral -- in the middle of the town square
Spain
► In
1565, Spain established St. Augustine
and Santa Fe in 1605.
► The Spanish also established governments
and religious institutions.
► Spanish settlers and Indians intermarried,
and these people of mixed Spanish and
Indian ancestry were called mestizos.
France
The French settled in North America
along the St. Lawrence River and the
northern Great Lakes.
They came to the New World to fish off
the coast of Newfoundland, trap furs
and spread Catholicism.
France
► In
1608, the first French settlement Quebec
was founded.
► The French also established the settlement
of Montreal, St. Louis, Detroit, and New
Orleans.
France
► New
France was sparsely populated for
many different reasons.
 1. Only allowed Catholics in the new territory,
excluding French Protestants.
 2. Found there were no great fortunes to be
made in gold and silver.
 3. Did not come to be farmers and settle down,
they came to be fur traders.
 4. Settlers had no chance of self-government.
France
► The
French eventually lost their possessions
in North America in 1763.
 The loss was the result of the French and
Indian War against England.
Dutch
Dutch colonization was entrusted to
the Dutch West India Company
which founded the New
Netherlands in America in 1621.
Dutch
► The
Dutch were interested in fur trade and
settled along the Hudson River.
► They started the settlements of New
Amsterdam which included present-day New
York City, Albany, Long Island, and New
Jersey.
England
The 1st English colony was sponsored
by Sir Walter Raleigh.
Raleigh founded Roanoke Island off
the coast of North Carolina in 1585.
But after a year of deprivation and
starvation, the colonists went home.
England
► In
1607, the Virginia Company established
Jamestown.
► These settlers were not prepared for the hardships
they faced, and many died.
► But in 1612, John Rolfe found tobacco to be the
cash crop they needed and hardships were
overcome.
► The Virginia Company was a joint-stock company
which operated on a charter from the Crown.
England
► Starting
in 1630, many Puritans decided to
move from England to America.
 Some 60,000 English emigrated during the next
decade and 20,000 of those went to New
England.
► These
Puritans felt they had an agreement
with God to build a holy society.
 It was a society that emphasized duty, honesty,
hard work, and moderation in drinking and
dress
England
► Their
way should not be confused with
religious tolerance – as the Puritans were
very intolerant of those who did not
believe as they did.
► The Puritan Commonwealth lasted until
1690 when the Crown took over
Massachusetts and it became a royal colony.
England
► In
1664, the English sailed into New Amsterdam
and took control of the Dutch colony with very
little force.
 The English were different settlers: they came with
families, started farms and established towns from the
very start.
 They also brought along their ideas of English law and
self-government.
► The
English made 3 colonies out of the former
Dutch possessions and settled ten of their own
England
►
1.
2.
3.
4.
The English came to the New World for
many reasons:
economic
religious freedom
political strife
government tyranny.
England
► Many
effects of New World colonization are still
apparent.
► First there was a cultural impact.
 Today, French is considered an official language of
Canada and can also be heard in the city of New
Orleans (a former French city)
 English is spoken in the U.S., but Spanish is also spoken
in the southern reaches of our country.
 The Spanish influence is also apparent in Latin American
and south America.
► When
the language was adopted, so was the religion
England
► This
is why almost all of South American
belongs to the Catholic Church.
► Louisiana, Texas, California, and parts of
Florida are heavily Catholic.
► The eastern seaboard states were mostly
Protestant until new waves of immigration
added different religions.
England
► Other
aspects of culture, such as
architecture and law, were influenced by
these early explorers.
► The city of St. Augustine, Florida is the
oldest European-settled city in the New
World and displays Spanish architecture.
► The law of the Stat of Louisiana is based in
part on Old French law
Colonial Society
13 Colonies
Colonial Society
► The
American colonies were established for
the overall benefit of England under an
economic systems called MERCANTILISM.
 According to mercantilist theory, colonies would
assure raw materials for England and markets
for English manufacturers, trade partners for
English merchants and make profits for the
English treasury.
Colonial Society
► The
13 colonies were divided into 3 groups
according to their economic and social
patterns.
 New England Colonies
 Middle Colonies
 Southern Colonies
Colonial Society
► The
New England colonies which consisted
of New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Connecticut and Rhode Island.
► These colonies were settled by the Puritans
as a religious haven, and their government
supported the Puritan Church.
► The Puritan leaders (upper class) did not
tolerate disagreement with Puritan beliefs
and practices.
Colonial Society
Colonial Society
► They
believed in hard work and avoided
idleness, extravagance and vanity.
► They considered dancing and card playing
frivolous.
► They were more apt to be hardworking,
successful in business, thrifty and concerned
with accumulating material wealth.
Colonial Society
► New
Englanders settled in towns around
their church and had schools in which
everyone read the Bible.
► New Englanders’ farms were worked to
provide food for the Puritans who were
not interested in selling their crops.
Colonial Society
► Geography
played an important role in the
economic life of all the colonists.
► The forest provided lumber which was exported or
used for ship building.
► They also used what were called the triangular
trade routes.
► They imported slaves from Africa to the West
Indies and traded them for the sugar and
molasses that was shipped to New England to
make rum. The rum was shipped back to Africa
and sold to Africans for slaves.
Colonial Society
http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/books/applications/imaps/
maps/g5s_u3/index.html#top
http://www.nmm.ac.uk/freedom/viewTheme.cfm/theme/triangular
Colonial Society
► The
Middle Colonies which consisted of
Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania, were called the bread basket
colonies.
 Had fertile land and a climate suitable for
growing corn, wheat, and oats.
Colonial Society
► They
traded among themselves as well as
England.
► People in the Middle Colonies were a mixture,
unlike the Puritans of New England.
 They were mainly English, but there were Germans,
Swedish, and Dutch settlements.
 Their populations included Jews, Catholics, and
Quakers, along with Protestants.
► Because
of this cultural pluralism, they were more
tolerant of differences of opinion.
Colonial Society
► In
the Southern Colonies of Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Georgia, people lived on farms and the
settlements were scattered.
► Education was either taught at home or
children were sent away to school.
► The Southern colonies had slave labor and
traded primarily with England.
Colonial Society
Colonial Society
► These
colonies had 3 social classes.
► The classes were not hereditary as they were in
England, and colonists could move up and down.
 The Aristocracy was based on wealth and education.
► It
consisted of planters, merchants, clergy, lawyers and
printers.
 The middle class consisted of skilled workers and small
farmers.
 The lower class consisted of indentured servants and
slaves.
Colonial Society
► The
13 colonies were classified as:
 Royal
 Proprietary
 Charter
►Some
of them began as one classification, but were
later changed for one reason or another.
Colonial Society
► Royal
Colonies:
 Controlled by the Crown
 The governor was appointed by the king and
voting was decided by land ownership, not
church membership.
 The King also appointed the members of the
governor’s council, the upper house of the
colonial legislature.
Colonial Society
► Proprietary Colonies:
► Ruled by the men to whom
the land had been
granted.
► The owners appointed their own governor, and
the people elected their own legislature.
 William Penn had loaned money to the English Royal
family and to repay him they gave him land in the New
World – Pennsylvania (Penn’s Woods).
 Charles II of England granted the Carolina charter
(North and South Carolina) in 1663.
 The Province of Carolina was chartered by eight Lord
Proprietors who had full governing rights
Colonial Society
► Charter
Colonies:
 Promoted through private enterprise under
charters granted by the king.
 The colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay
Colony, etc…) were all granted the right to
govern themselves.
Colonial Society
► Joint-Stock
Companies:
 The colony of Jamestown was formed to make
money for their investors.
 These Joint-Stock companies became the
forerunners of today’s modern corporations.
 As a result of their pooled resources. Spices,
gold, jewels, tobacco, chocolate and other
desirable items were taken to Europe for sale at
high profits.
Colonial Society
 Europeans were introduced to new foods such
as corn and potatoes.
 In turn, Europeans brought over horses, cows,
and other animals that helped earl settlers
produce their goods more efficiently.
 Late on, trade rivalries developed as
competition became a factor.
 Eventually large plantations were formed to
produce goods.
Colonial Society
► Southern
Plantations were very efficient
because of cheap labor as a result of
participation in the slave trade.
Colonial Society
► Rum,
tobacco, and gunpowder were sold to
African tribal rulers in exchange for
captured slave.
► Slaves were treated inhumanely on their trip
to the New World and were usually forced
to work on plantations in the Caribbean and
the southern United States.
Middle Passage
Colonial Society
► Native
Americans were sometimes treated
with respect.
► Columbus tried to be friend all groups he
came into contact with.
► However, most colonists treated the natives
brutally.
 Those who refused to convert to Christianity
were killed so that the Europeans could take
over.
Colonial Society
► Land
and resources were taken away with
little, if any, payment.
► Entire villages of native were forced into
slavery.
Colonial Society
► Overall,
the colonization of the New World
was considered to be a positive change for
Europe.
► It increased the power, wealth, and prestige
of European countries.
► It took many years for the descendants of
the Europeans to realize the wrongs that
had been committed in the process of
expansion.
Colonial Society
► Near
the end of the 17th Century (1600s) in the
Chesapeake, elite Virginia farmers owned the best
farms and had strong political power.
► Most of the population of Virginia were small
farmers, slaves and indentured servants.
 These small farmers could not afford the best lands, so
they bought land near the Indian settlements which
made them vulnerable to Indian Attacks
 Taxes were high on their crops, especially tobacco, and
transportation of goods was difficult.
Colonial Society
► 1676,
the governor of Virginia, Sir William
Berkeley levied new taxes for the
construction of new forts.
► There was widespread complaints form the
small farmers who didn’t feel the new forts
would protect them any better from the
Indians
Colonial Society
•Sir William Berkeley
•Nathaniel Bacon
Bacon’s Rebellion
Colonial Society
► Nathaniel
Bacon, a Virginia planter led a
protest against Governor Berkeley after
violence broke out between Virginians and
the Indians.
 Bacon was granted the commission and fought
against the Indians.
 When he returned to Jamestown, conflicts arose
between him and Berkeley.
►Berkeley
accused him of killing friendly Indians.
Colonial Society
Bacon’s Followers
Bacon’s Farm
and
House/Castle
Colonial Society
► The
Bacon followers revolted and rampaged
the capital for several months.
 They claimed that Berkeley an d his followers
monopolized the Indian trade and were making
huge profits form the Indians.
 There were strong feelings among the lower
and middle classes that certain trader were
allowed preferential trade.
Colonial Society
► This
rebellion, known as Bacon’s Rebellion,
showed that the people of Virginia wanted a
government that was for all people not just
the wealthy.
Problems in Colonial Society

Women


Most women in the colonies were under the
total control of the husbands.
They had no say-so about their earnings,
inheritance or property and could not appear in
court or vote.

The perception in inequality was the belief
that women lacked the capacity to reason as
soundly as men
Problems in Colonial Society
► This
provided the basis for the denial of
women to vote.
► Land ownership in most colonies, not
gender, determined the right to vote.
► Women from families who owned property
could sometimes vote, especially when the
make head of household was incapacitated.
Problems in Colonial Society
► Religion
 Church in 17th century New England was very
important.
 Most people were Puritans who lived under the strict
Puritan code which was not tolerant.
 Individual differences were frowned upon and all
Puritans were expected to live by this rigid moral code.
► Puritans
believed that the Devil would select the weakest
(women, children, insane) to carry out his work.
► Those who followed Satan were witches, and anyone accused
of witchcraft would be put to death
Problems in Colonial Society
► 24
innocent victims lost their lives during the
hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials in Salem,
Massachusetts.
 Various townspeople were accused of being witches by
several young girls.
 Those accused were brought to trial and some were put
to death during this turbulent time.
Salem Witch Trials
Problems in Colonial Society
► Religious
tolerance did exist in Maryland.
► In 1649, the colonial assembly of the Province of
Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act
which mandated tolerance of all Christian
denominations.
 Maryland had been founded by the Calverts who were
Catholics.
 In order to attract settlers, which Maryland desperately
needed, the Calverts passed the law to secure religious
freedom for the Catholics since they knew Protestants
would be immigrating to Maryland
Problems in Colonial Society
► This
act allowed freedom of worship for all
Christians in order to keep peace between
the two religious groups and build their
Province.
Objective 1.02 = Trace and analyze the development
of ideas about self-government in British North
America
► Major




Concepts
Colonial traditions of
self-government
Ideas of the
Enlightenment
The Seeds of
Rebellion
Separation of
Church and State
►
Terms
Magna Carta / Great Charter
Parliament
Common Law
Mayflower Compact
Town Meeting
Social Contract Theory
Natural Rights
Common Good / Civic Virtue
1st and 2nd Continental
Congress
 English Bill of Rights
 Limited Government
 Republic









Western Democratic Revolutions
► During
the 1600s and 1700s, revolutions took
place within imperial powers that fundamentally
changed the way they were governed.
► These revolts in Great Britain, America, and
France resulted in an absolute monarchy being
replaced with a more democratic regime.
Western Democratic Revolutions
► Kings
in Europe often viewed themselves as
“God’s representatives” on Earth.
► This concept, called divine right, was often used
as justification for harsh and unpopular policies
enforced by monarchs.
► King James I, for example, believed that he was
“divinely commissioned” to rule England.
► Ironically it was his descendants, the Stuart
dynasty, who inadvertently caused the changes
that led to the establishment of Western
democracies.
Western Democratic Revolutions
►
The English Civil War & Glorious Revolution
 1625, son of James I, Charles I, succeeded his father to the throne
of England.
► He
too, believed in the concept of divine right.
► Also, like his father, he used this belief as a justification to tax the
people of England very heavily.
 In order to finance his various wars and expeditions, Charles called
on Parliament for revenue.
 But, Parliament bad become increasingly wary of the real purpose
of the requested tax hikes and since the y would have to carry this
burden, they wanted some kind of guarantee form the king to
respect their rights.
 When he threw some of the nobles in jail for refusing to grant him
“loans,” they were determined to get revenge
Western Democratic Revolutions
► So
in 1628, when Charles again asked Parliament
for more money, they presented him with a
document called the Petition of Rights.
 Among the demands in the petition were an end to the
imprisonment of subjects without due cause and to the
levying of taxes without the consent of Parliament.
► The
former is known today as the legal concept of habeas
corpus.
 Latin for “let us have the body”, which holds that you have to be
charged with a specific crime in order to beheld in jail.
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
► The
taxation issue, better known to us as
“no taxation without representation” was a
major bone of contention between the American
colonists and the British during the Revolutionary
era.
► Charles
foolishly ignored the Petition of Right and
dismissed Parliament which led to the English Civil
War.
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
•
The King’s supporters, called Cavaliers, were defeated by
the Parliamentarians, called Roundheads, who were led by
Oliver Cromwell.
• Cromwell put Charles on trial for treason and a jury found
him guilty.
• He was beheaded in 1649.
The English Civil War
&
The Glorious Revolution
► Cromwell
dismissed Parliament and
established a decade of dictatorship known
as the Protectorate.
► However he proved to be just as unpopular
as King Charles.
► Therefore in 1660, upon the death of
Cromwell and his son who had succeeded
him, the monarchy was restored back to the
Stuart dynasty
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
The period of Restoration in England was marked by
joyous times.
► Charles II, the son of the beheaded king, was popular, but
ineffective.
► He was succeeded by his younger brother, James II.
► James was a weak man who tried to bully Parliament into
giving him money whenever he wanted it by invoking once
more the concept of divine right.
► By this time however, England had tired of absolute rule
and looked toward a more democratic regime.
►
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
► Leaders
of Parliament were divided on what to do
about James II.
► The Tory political party at first supported James,
while the Whigs did not.
► James II’s actions became so outrageous that
eventually both parties agreed he must be
replaced.
► Since his Catholic children were unfit to replace
him, a Protestant daughter from his first marriage,
Mary was selected.
James II
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
► She
was married to William, Prince of Orange (a
province of the Netherlands), and they agreed to
rule England jointly under the condition that they
would be subject to the law of the land and to
Parliament.
► This idea of limiting the power of a monarch is
known as a limited monarchy.
► In America, colonists took this idea a step further
by eliminating the monarchy altogether and
instead limiting the powers o f an elected
president.
William III & Mary II
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
► The
procession of William III and Mary II into
England is called the Glorious Revolution for two
reasons
► First, there was no recorded bloodshed in the
event.
► Even King James II’s highest-ranking general, the
duke of Marlborough, (John Churchill, ancestor of
Winston Churchill), voluntarily embraced the
monarchs as he greeted them on the shore for
safe passage to London.
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
► James
II fled to France, where later his son
and grandson tried to reclaim the monarchy
as the Old and Young Pretenders to the
throne.
► Secondly,
the Glorious Revolution was called
“Glorious” because of the great benefits it
brought to the English people and hence to
Americans.
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
► Among
the rights gain by English citizens was a
English Bill of Rights.
► It held that a monarch could not suspend a law
without the consent of Parliament and that only
Parliament could grant tax increases.
► Both of these ideas have been implemented in
American government .
► For example, President Obama does not have sole
power to raise taxes nor does he have the right to
change any laws.
Parliament
The English Civil War &
Glorious Revolution
► Only
Congress has the power to do these
things.
► English government was also limited by
common law established in its earliest days.
► Common Law is a process to resolve cases
using tradition, meaning pas court decision,
instead of regulation written by lawmakers.
Effects of the Enlightenment
► The
roots of the Enlightenment lie in the Scientific
Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries.
► During this time, scientists worked to dispel much
of the superstition created during the Medieval
Period by demonstrating scientific explanations of
natural phenomena.
► During this period of discovery, scientists began to
believe that man could rely on science to unlock
the mysteries of the natural world.
Effects of the Enlightenment
► Similarly,
Enlightenment philosophers
believed in the underlying power of sciencethat of reason.
► But, they went a step further.
► They believed that reason and all the values
connected with it, such as progress and
liberty when used as a foundation for
government, could be the sole guide for
mankind.
Effects of the Enlightenment
► Thus,
most Enlightenment philosophers
tended to downplay the importance of
religion in society.
► Religion, in their minds, could not be
rationalized (proven) and was therefore a
false pretense and a poor tool for societal
change.
► The power of reason, they believed was
enough to change society.
Effects of the Enlightenment
► John
Locke, an Englishman, developed his ideas
about government during the turbulent time of the
Stuart period.
► In his Two Treatises on Government he stated
that people, through reason, could govern
themselves.
► Governments, therefore, were ultimately
controlled by the people.
► The most important function government served
was to protect the natural rights possessed by
people such as life, liberty, and property.
John Locke
Effects of the Enlightenment
► The
people would agree to give up some of their
freedoms and agree with the decisions of their
government and the government, in return, would
protect the people.
► Locke also believed that an unjust government
should be overthrown by the people and a more
suitable one established.
► This idea was key in the American colonists’
contention that they were right in opposing such a
unjust tyrant as George III.
Effects of the Enlightenment
► Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, was a Swiss
philosopher who explained in his book The
Social Contract how a truly democratic
government should function.
► He believed, like Locke, that governments
were created by the people and thus for the
people.
► In our American republic, this idea persists
today.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Effects of the Enlightenment
► Representatives
are elected by the people
and are obligated to carry out their will
► Rousseau believed that this type of
relationship, called a social contract
(between the people and the government)
could exist and achieve a common good.
► This idea is certainly at the heart of
American government even if it is not
always apparent.
Effects of the Enlightenment
► Another
philosopher that influenced Jefferson was
Baron de Montesquieu, a French nobleman.
► In his book, On the Spirit of Laws, he outlined the
structure of an ideal government.
► He believed that the government should be
divided into three components – an executive
branch, a legislative branch, and a judicial branch.
Effects of the Enlightenment
►
►
►
►
The executive branch, the enforcer and administrator of
laws, had its beginnings with tribal chieftains and
emperors.
The legislative branch, the creator of laws, was created in
an attempt to limit the power of the executive.
The judicial branch, evolved in a different manner. Since a
king could never be in all places at once to administer
justice, he shared this power with his vassals (nobles).
Eventually the concept of trial by jury rather than by
nobles developed as people gained more individual rights.
This concept of government is known as the separation of
powers.
 The separation of power is sometimes referred to as a system of
checks and balances
Effects of the Enlightenment
► This
means that each branch of government acts
as a check to the power of the others.
► For example, should our Congress pass a bill
requiring all U.S. citizens to join the Catholic
Church, the judicial system would strike it down as
being unconstitutional since it would violate our
freedom of religion.
► Montesquieu’s ideas, established in the 1700s,
form the basis of the American system of
government.
Magna Carta
► In
1215, King John was forced to sign an
agreement called the Magna Carta.
► This document protected the nobles’ privileges,
upheld their authority and granted certain rights to
all landholders.
► These rights included equal treatment under the
law and trial by one’s peers.
► The Magna Carta was a contract that limited the
power of the monarch (limited government) by
granting that no one would be above the law,
even the monarchy.
Magna Carta
► When
King John of England signed the
Magna Carta, he agree to allow Parliament
to create English law.
► In stating this, he was placing even himself
under the power of the law-as created by
Parliament.
Magna Carta
Foundations of American
Government
► The
first permanent English settlement,
Jamestown, founded in 1607 was managed by
the Virginia Company.
► In 1619, the colonists chose two representatives
from each county to meet with the council and
governor.
► This was the first representative assembly in the
English colonies and was called the House of
Burgesses.
► These burgesses had little power, but it marked
the beginning of self-government in the colonies.
Foundations of American
Government
► The
Pilgrims landed in America in 1620.
► Before they left their ship, the Plymouth colonists
knew that they would need some type of compact
(an agreement among all the people) stating rules
they would need to govern themselves.
► The Mayflower Compact established direct
democracy.
► The citizens met at town meetings to discuss and
vote on important issues.
Mayflower Compact
Foundations of American
Government
►
Colonial rule was through England’s monarchy that
subscribed to the theory of divine right.
 This theory held that God created the state and had given those of
royal birth the right to rule.
 The people were bound to obey the monarch as they would God.
 To oppose this theory amounted to treason and was sin.
►
►
This theory was rejected by the new Americans
However, before democracy, as we know it in America
today emerged, the early colonial governments had
governors who were answerable to the King, the
proprietors or those who held their Charter
Foundations of American
Government
► Even
though these colonies differed in their
ownership, all except Georgia had elected
assemblies.
► Restrictions on the right to vote drastically
limited the number of voters.
 Local governments and the court systems
closely followed the tradition of English common
law and the colonists continued to enjoy their
rights as English citizens.
Foundations of American
Government
► As
colonists gain more power and
responsibility in their colonies, they learned
that they could manage their own affairs
and like having local control.
 They then began to demand more rights.
► But,
by the mid-1700s, England started to
tighten the reins on the colonies by passing
new laws.
Foundations of American
Government
► The
colonists solidified their resistance by
establishing the First Continental Congress in
1774.
► The Congress demanded that the rights of
colonists be restored and also voted to boycott
British goods. (After the passing of the Stamp Act)
► If their demands were not met by the following
year, another meeting would be held.
st
1
Continental Congress
Foundations of American
Government
► King
George responded with force, so the
Second Continental Congress met in 1775 to
decide whether to break away from Britain
• John Hancock
• Thomas Jefferson
Objective 1.03 = Examine the cause
of the American Revolution
► Major
Concepts
 Discontent with foreign
rule
 Mercantilism
 Tradition of SelfGovernment
 Preservation of Civil
Liberties
 No Taxation without
Representation
► Terms
 Favorable Balance of
Trade
 French and Indian War
 Writs of Assistance
 Proclamation of 1763
 Quartering Act
 Stamp Act
 Declaratory Act
 Albany Plan of Union
Objective 1.03 = Examine the cause
of the American Revolution
► Terms
 Boston Massacre
 Intolerable Acts
 Declaration of
Independence
 Thomas Paine’s
Common Sense
 Salutary Neglect
 Navigation Act
Foundations of American
Government
► Causes
of the American Revolution
 The French and Indian War (1754 – 1763)
► Fought
by England and the colonists against the French and
Indians over control of the Ohio Valley and the American
interior.
 Though England and the colonists fought together, they
fought for different reasons.
► The
English wanted borders (Proclamation Act of 1763) they
could easily defend with no worry of French and Indians.
► The colonists wanted more territory: they wanted to move
west.
Foundations of American
Government
► The
colonists were more concerned with the
Indians while the English were concerned
with the French, their European rivals.
► England and the colonists won the war,
thereby eliminating the danger of the
French and Indians.
► With the danger of attack removed, the
colonists were not as dependent on the
English for protection.
French and Indian War
Foundations of American
Government
► They
had gained military experience and
confidence and the knowledge that colonial
unity was needed to meet problems
common to all the colonies.
► The English had neglected their colonial rule
during their wars with the French, a policy
known as salutary neglect.
► After the war, they decided that colonial
policy must change.
Foundations of American
Government
► The
New policy would include putting the
colonies under strict economic and political
control, compelling the colonies to obey
English laws and pay their part of being in
the British Empire.
► Unfortunately for the British, the colonies
had gotten used to neglect: the like things
as they were and refused to turn back.
Foundations of American
Government
► Because
of MERCANTILISM, Britain
wanted to sell more than they bought from
other countries.
 This was known as a favorable balance of
trade.
► Britain
needed the American colonies for
additional resources and markets.
► The British attempted strict enforcement of
their laws by using “Acts”
Foundations of American
Government
► The
first of these were the Navigation Acts.
► The Navigation Acts, passed in 1660,
required the colonies to sell certain goods
only to Britain.
 If the colonies sold any products to other
countries, a British duty tax was charged.
 Prime Minister George Grenville sent more royal
inspectors, customs collectors, and patrols.
Foundations of American
Government
► These
Acts also included five Writs of
Assistance which were general search
warrants to look for smuggled goods.
► They were constant irritants for the
colonists.
► Following these Writs came the Sugar Act,
which called for strict enforcement of laws
and the Stamp Act.
Foundations of American
Government
► The
Stamp Act was different – it was not an
import/export tax which the colonists were used
to, it was an internal tax.
► Stamps were required on printed materials like
mortgages, wills, pamphlets, and newspapers.
 This Act affected influential groups such as clergy,
printers, and lawyers
► These
groups protested loudly.
► They
felt they should not be taxed without
representation in the British Parliament.
 “No Taxation without Representation.”
Stamp Act
Foundations of American
Government
► The
Stamp Act was followed by the Townshend
Acts which put taxes on glass, paint, paper and
tea.
► Colonists who violated these acts were not tried in
the colonial courts but in military courts.
► The Quartering Act of 1765 was another bone of
contention between the colonists and the English.
► This law required the colonists to provide food and
housing for the English soldiers in their colonies.
Foundations of American
Government
► American
colonial policy in England was
being handled by people who were ignorant
of the colonial ways of life.
 Did not realize the colonies had matured.
►Were
no longer dependent on England.
 Ready to resist.
►They
smuggled goods rather than pay taxes and
writers and lawyers protested the Writs of
Assistance.
Foundations of American
Government
► Delegates
from 9 colonies met to form the Stamp
Act Congress which decided to boycott English
goods.
► The famous Boston Tea Party occurred in 1773
in protest of British tax policies.
► The colonists were becoming more rebellious as
they defied British authority and destroyed British
property by throwing tea from British ships into
the Boston Harbor.
Boston Tea Party
Foundations of American
Government
► The
British decided they must punish the
colonists and responded with the Intolerable
Acts.
► They closed Boston harbor, authorized the
quartering of troops in any colonial town
and required that British officials be
returned to England to stand trial for crimes
committed in Massachusetts
► They also limited colonial government.
Foundations of American
Government
► The
colonials solidified resistance by
establishing the First Continental Congress.
► They decided to boycott British goods.
► The British/Colonial relations were
collapsing at a rapid pace.
► In April of 1775, British soldiers were sent
to Concord to capture colonial supplies and
on to Lexington to arrest colonial leaders
Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
Colonial Leaders
Samuel Adams
John Hancock
Foundations of American
Government
► Colonial
militia and British soldiers met and
fighting broke out.
► This was the start of the American
Revolution
► The causes of the Revolution were the taxes
and taxation without representation.
► The misunderstandings between the old
country and the colonists crated new
citizens -- AMERICANS
The Declaration of Independence
Causes & Effects of the American Rev.
Causes
Declaratory Act
Mercantilism
Writs of Assistance
Stamp Act
Taxation
Intolerable Acts
British lack of understanding
Events
Shot Heard around the world
George II Hires Hessians
Declaration of Independence
Victory @ Saratoga
Victory @ Yorktown
Effects
U.S.A. Born
End of Mercantilism
Migration past Appalachian Mountains
New State Constitutions
Encouraged nations around the world to seek selfgovernment
Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence
►
Even though the American Revolution started in April of
1775, many Americans were not sure where they stood.
 Were they fighting for their rights or their independence?
►
►
News traveled slowly and there was little of it.
However, Thomas Paine published Common Sense in
1776, a pamphlet which openly challenged the British
government and monarchy.
 The pamphlet spoke to the common people of America and it was
the first work to ask for independence from Great Britain.
"These are the times that try
men's souls."
Declaration of Independence
► The
colonists decided to push for independence
for several reasons.
 King George III hired Hessian (German) mercenaries to
fight the colonists in a war the colonists had felt was a
family affair.
 Independence would require that captured American
soldiers be treated as prisoners of war, not as traitor,
and they believed a Declaration of Independence would
help them obtain assistance form European enemies of
the British.
Declaration of Independence
► The
Second Continental Congress appointed
a committee of five men to write a
declaration of independence.
► The Committee included Benjamin Franklin,
Roger Sherman, John Adams, Robert
Livingston, and Thomas Jefferson.
► The Declaration of Independence was
written chiefly by Jefferson.
Declaration of Independence
► It
includes an introduction that state why it
had become necessary for the colonists to
separate from England.
► The second part of the Declaration states
that people have certain rights that cannot
be taken away.
 “All men are created equal; that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights; that among these are life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Declaration of Independence
► In
the third part, Jefferson listed the
misdeeds of George III, and his disregard of
man’s God-given rights.
► The fourth part and conclusion states that,
“these united colonies are, and of right
ought to be, free and independent states.”
Declaration of Independence
► On
July 4th, 1776, the Second Continental
Congress adopted the Declaration of
Independence.
► This elevated the cause of the war to one of total
freedom from British tyranny.
► It also encouraged help from Spain and France.
► The Declaration of Independence provided the
U.S. with a basic democratic philosophy and
inspired movements in other nations.
Objective 1.05 = Identify the major domestic problems of the
nation under the Article of Confederation and assess the
extent to which they were resolved by the new Constitution
► Major
Concepts:
 Characteristics of the
Articles of
Confederation
 Organization and
governance of new
lands
 Internal Rebellion
 Role of the Central
government
► Terms:
 Land Ordinance 1785
 Northwest Ordinance
1787
 Treaty of Paris 1783
 Shays Rebellion
 Bill of Rights
 The Virginia Plan
 The New Jersey Plan
 The Great Compromise
/ Connecticut Plan
Objective 1.05 = Identify the major domestic problems of the
nation under the Article of Confederation and assess the
extent to which they were resolved by the new Constitution
► Terms:
 The 3/5 Compromise
 The Commerce and
Slave Trade
Compromise
 The Electoral College
Articles of Confederation and The
Constitution
► In
1776, the Second Continental Congress
appointed a committee to plan a government for
the thirteen American states.
► John Dickinson of Delaware headed the
committee that wrote the Articles of
Confederation.
► The Articles were adopted by the Continental
Congress in 1777, and then set to the states for
ratification.
► In March of 1781, the last state ratified the
articles, and the U.S. came into being with a new
government.
Articles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation
► The
Articles of Confederation established
the union of the thirteen American states.
► Article I said the name of the confederation
shall be “The United States of America”
► The Confederation created a union of
thirteen equal states that would remain
sovereign.
Articles of Confederation
► The
leaders of the states were unwilling to
grant much power to a central government
 Memories of British government were fresh in
their minds.
►A
powerful central government was not created as
the people feared for their civil liberties and rights.
► The
Confederation was a vehicle for strong
states’ rights.
Articles of Confederation
► Under
the articles, the Confederation had only
ONE branch, Congress
 The Confederation Congress
►9
votes were required to pass a law and each
state had 1 vote, but could send from two to
seven representatives.
► Congress could request money for the common
treasury, but had NO POWER to force the state to
give the money
► The new government was empowered to provide
for the common defense, safeguard individual
liberties and maintain the general welfare
Articles of Confederation
►
The Articles of Confederation were beneficial to
the new nation as follows:
1. The States could cooperate in the conduct of war.
2. In forming a loose union, they were not as open to a
takeover by European nations.
3. Americans began thinking of themselves in terms of a
nation, not just as a state.
4. The Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest
Ordinance of 1787 were the lasting contributions of
the Articles of Confederation
Articles of Confederation
► Land
Ordinance of 1785 & Northwest Ordinance of
1887:
 The Land Ordinance of 1785: provided for surveying
new land, establishing townships and holding public
land sales.
 Northwest Ordinance of 1887: Provided steps by
which new state were admitted on an equal basis with
the original states.
 13 states were initially admitted under the Articles of
Confederation.
 Alaska and Hawaii were admitted in the same manner
almost 200 years later
Articles of Confederation
►
Although the Articles of Confederation
contained good ideas of government, it
also had some soon-to-be obvious
weaknesses.
1.
2.
The government was operating without the
power to tax. Confederation money was useless
as the states also printed their own money.
There was no national regulation of interstate
commerce. This frustrated foreign nations, and the
new country failed to prosper.
Articles of Confederation
3. There was no national military, and militias were
controlled by their states
4. There was no executive branch so rule was by
Congressional Committee without help of a
bureaucracy.
5. There was no national judicial system, and the
government lacked power to settle disputes between
states.
6. Each state had only one vote. This did not take into
consideration the size of the state or the size of the
population
7. No change or amendment could be made in the
constitution without unanimous vote, and changes
were needed.
Articles of Confederation
►
►
►
►
►
►
The Congress negotiated a peace agreement, the Treaty of
Paris (1783).
It ended the Revolutionary War with Great Britain who
then recognized the United States it’s a free nation.
But there were still problems.
Foreign nations realized that the Articles of Confederation
were weak.
Great Britain refused to move its troops from the Ohio
Valley, and Spain closed the port at New Orleans.
The United States had no power to raise a national
military, so it could not oppose these actions
Articles of Confederation
► America
was also struggling financially.
► Congress had borrowed money to pay for the war.
► There was a debt that would take years to repay.
► State governments were also indebt.
► They started taxing their citizens heavily and also
taxes other states’ and foreign countries’ goods.
Articles of Confederation
► Many
businesses failed ,and trade with
other areas was hurt.
► The public became frightened and worried
that the government could not protect their
property or safety
► August 29, 1786, Daniel Shays, an indebted
farmer from Massachusetts, led an armed
rebellion known as Shays’ Rebellion against
the state
Articles of Confederation
► The
Massachusetts, court had threatened to take
Shays’ farm away because of his debts.
► He felt the state was punishing him for their
problems
► Many other farmers agreed, and Shays led his
armed rebellion against the federal arsenal.
► The state responded, and Shays was defeated.
Articles of Confederation
► However,
the lack of an institutional
response, and the fact that Massachusetts
had to raise a private militia showed
weakness in the Articles of
Confederation and gave strong impetus to
a Constitutional Convention.
U. S. Constitution
► In
1787, twelve states sent delegates to
Philadelphia for a meeting to revise the
Articles of Confederation (Rhode Island did
not send representatives)
► The Result of the meetings was the United
States Constitution, a bundle of
compromises which included part of the
Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the
Great Compromise.
U. S. Constitution
► The
Virginia Plan proposed a 3 branch
federal government.
 There would be a legislative branch to make
laws, an executive branch to enforce laws, and
a judicial branch to make sure the laws were
fairly administered.
 It proposed two houses for the legislative
branch with the number of representatives
determined by population.
U. S. Constitution
► New
Jersey did not like the Virginia Plan
because of its small population.
► The New Jersey Plan proposed three
branches, but the legislative branch would
consists of only one house with each state
getting one vote.
U. S. Constitution
► Finally,
after long debate in this area, there was a
compromise.
► The Great Compromise or Connecticut Plan
established two houses.
► One would be elected directly by the people (the
number determined by the state’s population), and
the other elected by the state legislature would
have two members from each state.
U.S. Constitution
► As
a result, the new United States
Constitution was quite different from the
old.
► The government was divided into 3
branches, the legislative, executive, and
judicial.
U. S. Constitution
► The
legislative branch called Congress was
bicameral (a two-house body)
► The House of Representatives would have
members according to each state’s
population and in the Senate all states had
two numbers.
► This representation satisfied both large and
small states.
U. S. Constitution
► One
problem of representation came form
the slave states who wanted slaves to count
toward their representation.
► A compromise, each slave would be counted
as 3/5 of a person (or five would be
counted as three), was finally reached .
► This compromise was called the ThreeFifths Compromise.
U. S. Constitution
► The
Executive Branch would have a
president as its head.
 After many discussions, a four-year term for the
chief executive was agreed upon.
► Some
delegates thought members of
Congress should elect the president, and
other thought the people should decide who
should become president.
U. S. Constitution
►A
decision was made that a group of people
who would be elected by each state
legislature would select the president
and vice president.
► This group was called the Electoral
College.
U. S. Constitution
► The
third branch, the judiciary, was to
consist of a Supreme Court appointed by
the president and approved by the Senate.
 The judiciary would have lower courts as
designated by Congress.
U. S. Constitution
► The
new government had the power to levy
taxes, build an army, protect property,
regulate interstate commerce and coin
money.
 None of these powers had been granted by the
Articles of Confederation, making it too weak
for strong governance.
U. S. Constitution
► The
Constitution radically improved the
Articles of Confederation, but many states
(North Carolina was one.) did not think that
the Constitution fully guaranteed the rights
of its citizens.
► Finally, a compromise was reached
promising that if the Constitution was
adopted, a Bill of Rights would be added
to it.
U. S. Constitution
► On
June 21, 1788, the ninth state (New
Hampshire) ratified the constitution, and it
went into effect.
► The last four remaining state finally ratified
the Constitution with Rhode Island being
last in 1790.
Objective 1.06 = Compare viewpoints about
government in the Federalists and Anti-Federalists
Papers
► Major
Concepts:
 Protection of Individual
Rights
 States Rights Vs. Strong
Centralized Government
 Ratification of the
Constitution
► Terms:
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Loose Interpretation
Strict Interpretation
Federalism
Separation of
Powers
 Checks and Balances
 Republicanism
 The Judiciary






Objective 1.06 = Compare viewpoints about
government in the Federalists and Anti-Federalists
Papers
► Terms:
 The Executive Branch
 Factions
 Bill of Rights
Federalists/Anti-Federalists
► Ratification
of the Constitution was
essential.
► Many Americans supported the Constitution,
but many others did not.
► These different views caused the leaders to
split into factions.
 Factions are groups of people joined together
by a common belief.
Federalists/Anti-Federalists
► The
beginnings of the two-party system in
the U.S. can be traced back to the
disagreements over the ratification of the
Constitution.
► These arguments carried over into the early
years of the country and eventually the
factions became political parties.
Federalists/Anti-Federalists
► The
Federalists were the first party.
► The developed around the beliefs of
Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the
Treasury in George Washington’s Cabinet.
► The Federalists were “the rich and the wellborn”
► They supported the Constitution and they
wanted strong executive leadership and
policies to mend the nation’s economic ills.
Federalists/Anti-Federalists
► They
favored a loose interpretation of the
Constitution.
► They appealed to the bankers,
manufacturers, and shipping interests.
► The were pro-British, and they believed that
the Constitution gave the federal
government powers that were not
specifically spelled out in the Constitution.
Federalists/Anti-Federalists
► Thomas
Jefferson, who served as George
Washington’s Secretary of State, led the
Anti-Federalists.
► He was sympathetic to the “common man”
and believed the United States would
become a nation of farmers.
► He wanted the role of the new government
to be limited because he favored State’s
Rights.
Federalists/Anti-Federalists
► The
Anti-Federalists were pro-French, and
believed in a strict interpretation of the
Constitution.
► They believed that the national government had
only the powers and authority mentioned in the
Constitution.
► The Anti-Federalists believed that the Constitution
should have a bill of rights to provide protection
for certain liberties (speech and religion as well as
others)
Federalists/Anti-Federalists
► The
Federalists finally agreed that the
Constitution needed a bill of rights.
► The Federalists promised that if the
Constitution was ratified a bill of rights
would be added.
Objective 1.07 = Evaluate the extent to which
the Bill of Rights extended the Constitution
► Major
Concepts:
 Compromise and
adoption of the
Constitution
 Scope and Limits of the
Bill of Rights
 Guarantees of Personal
Liberties
► Terms:
 Free Exercise Clause
 Establishment Clause
 Freedoms of
► Expression
► Assembly
► Petition
► Religion
 Right to Bear Arms
 Quartering
 Search & Seizure
Objective 1.07 = Evaluate the extent to which
the Bill of Rights extended the Constitution
► Terms:









Eminent Domain
Due Process
Double Jeopardy
Self-Incrimination
Rights of the Accused
Speedy and Public Trial
Trial by Jury
Fines and Punishment
Power of people
► Terms:
 Power of states
Civil Liberties
► Many
Americans felt that in order to preserve their
“unalienable” rights, these rights needed to be
stipulated.
► They wanted a “Bill of Rights”
► But the final draft of the Constitution did not
include a separate Bill of Rights.
► So in 1789, Congress approved the first 10
amendments at its first session under the new
Constitution.
Civil Liberties
► The
states had ratified the 10 Amendments
which became known as the Bill of Rights
by 1791.
► This Bill of Rights protects our civil liberties
and our freedom to act and think without
interference from the government.
The Amendments
► First:
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press,
Petition, and Assembly.
► Second: The Right to keep and bear arms
► Third: No soldier shall be quartered without
owner consent during peacetime or war
times.
► Fourth: Right to Privacy. No search without
probable cause and a warrant
The Amendments
► Fifth:
Rights of the accused to remain
silent and to have an attorney
► Sixth: Speedy trial and a trial by jury
► Seventh: Jury trial in civil cases.
► Eighth: Excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.
The Amendments
► Ninth:
The enumeration in the Constitution
of certain rights shall not be construed to
deny or disparage others retained by the
people
► Tenth: Powers not delegated to the U.S. by
the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people.
st
1
► Allows
Amendment
individuals’ freedom of religion,
speech, press, petition, and assembly.
► It prohibits Congress from establishing
an official religion in the United States
(Establishment Clause)
► It guarantees that individuals may worship
as they please without interference from the
government (Free Exercise Clause)
nd
2
► Allows
Amendment
individuals the right to keep and bear
arms.
► This amendment was very important in this
young nation where local militias were
extremely important.
rd
3
► Guarantees
Amendment
that no soldier shall be
quartered without owners consent during
peacetime or war times.
► Many colonists had to quarter British
soldiers before the Revolutionary War
whether they wanted to or not.
th
4
► Guarantees
Amendment
the right to privacy.
► It guarantees no search or seizure without
probable cause and a search warrant.
Th
5
Amendment
► Guarantees
the rights of the accused to
remain silent and to have an attorney.
► No one can be imprisoned or have property
seized without due process.
 Due process means following the legal
procedures established by the government.
► This
amendment also protects people from
being tried for the same crime more
than once (double jeopardy)
Th
5
Amendment
► Defendants
cannot be forced to testify
against themselves in court (SelfIncrimination)
► This amendment also limits the
governments’ power of Eminent Domain
 Eminent Domain is the right of the government
to take private property for public use.
► The
Government must pay you a fair price
for the property.
th
6
► Calls
Amendment
for a speedy trial and a trial by jury.
► These are additional due process rights.
► All trials do not have to have a jury.
► All accused individuals have the right to call
witnesses in their defense, have a lawyer
whether they can afford one or not and
have the right to question and hear all
witnesses against them.
th
7
► Calls
Amendment
for a jury trial in civil cases.
th
8
Amendment
► Prohibits
imposing excessive bail or fines on
the accused.
 Bail is a sum of money used like a security
deposit.
 The bail is returned if the accused fails to
appear.
► This
amendment also forbids cruel and
unusual punishment.
 The punishment should be proportional to the
committed crime
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9
► Makes
Amendment
it clear that these rights are not the
only rights of citizens.
► The unwritten rights are just as important,
and they cannot be taken away.
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10
► The
Amendment
Tenth Amendment says that any
powers the Constitution does not give to the
national government are reserved for the
states or the people.
The Bill of Rights
► Almost
all of the amendments reflect experiences
and concern of Americans prior to the
Revolutionary War.
 Many had experienced religious intolerance in Europe
before coming to America.
 Many had been denied the right to petition the King or
speak out against his policies.
 Many were concerned about defending their families
and homes.
► All
of these were considered in the writing of the
Bill of Rights.
Constitutional Rights
► When
English colonies moved to the New
World, they brought their English heritage
which included Common Law, Limited
Government, and Representative
Government.
► They also brought parts of the British
Judicial system, the practice of trial by jury,
habeas corpus, and due process.
Constitutional Rights
► The
English lived by common law, which
were laws handed down over generations
but not written laws.
► The English Bill of Rights (1689) formed
the basis for much of our American
government and courts. The English settler
believed in individual liberties and the rights
of man. These ideals were included in the
U.S. Constitution.
Constitutional Rights
► The
Constitution and the Bill of Rights protect
individuals and their rights.
► It also limits the powers of the national
government.
 The principle of individual rights still applies in present
times.
► The
federal government cannot limit or regulate
these rights.
► Court cases and decisions are made to ensure that
these protections continue.
Constitutional Rights
► The
U.S. Constitution is the SUPREME LAW OF
THE LAND – no law is higher than the
Constitution.
► The Constitution provides for a federal Supreme
Court and gives Congress the right to form all
lower courts.
► States also have their own court system.
 Some are civil court and other are criminal courts.
 Each court has its own jurisdiction.
Constitutional Rights
► Each
court system, federal and state, has
appellate courts.
► These courts of appeal hear cases that have been
decided in lower courts.
► Federal courts hear federal cases, and the state
courts hear state cases in the states’ jurisdiction.
► For all courts, federal and state, the last court of
appeals is the United States Supreme Court
Objective 1.08 = Compare the American System of
Government to other forms of Government
► Major
Concepts:
 Forms of Government
 American system of
Government
► Terms:
Anarchy
Autocracy
Theocracy
Oligarchy
Limited/Absolute
Monarchy
 Totalitarianism
 Dictatorship
 Aristocracy





Objective 1.08 = Compare the American System of
Government to other forms of Government
► Terms:
 Democracy
 Federalism
 Republicanism
Different Types Of Governments
► There
are many types of governments, but
there are two categories, democratic and
authoritarian.
► The people rule in democratic regimes.
► Power is held by one individual or group
that is not accountable to the people in
authoritarian regimes.
Different Types Of Governments
►
Authoritarian
Governments
 An absolute monarchy is a
government ruled by an
individual who usually
inherits this position.
► Almost
nonexistent today
 King of Saudi Arabia is the
closest match to this type
of monarch except he
consults with advisors and
is constrained by Islamic
Law.
 A dictatorship allows for the
exercise of complete control
just like an absolute
monarchy.
►A
dictatorship is an
autocracy (1 individual),
uses the military to stay in
power, limits the freedom of
their people and tampers
with elections or refuses to
hold them at all.
 Fidel Castro was the
dictator in Cuba.
Different Types Of Governments
►
Authoritarian
Governments
 In a totalitarian state, all
aspects of life are controlled
by the government.
► The
government has a plan
for society and the
economy, regulates farm
and industrial production
► Nazi Germany under Adolf
Hitler, was a prime example
of this type.
 An Oligarchy is a
government by a few
families or small groups of
people who are typically the
most powerful, whether by
wealth, military strength,
ruthlessness or political
strength.
► 20th
Century example,
South Africa, was a form of
oligarchy based on racism.
 English, which made up
20% of the population,
denied educational and
trade opportunities to the
black majority. This was
called apartheid. Lasted
until 1994.
Different Types Of Governments
►
Authoritarian
Government
 An aristocracy is a
government ruled by the
upper classes.
 Upper classes did not offer
any type of assistance for
the poorer people.
 Type of government does
not exist anymore.
 A theocracy is a government
that is based on religion.
 This type of government
claims to rule on behalf of
God or a higher power.
 Iran is a theocracy, since its
elected president and
legislature are supervised
and controlled by Shia
clerics.
 Christian Theocracy?
Different Types Of Governments
►
Authoritarian
Governments
 Anarchy: having no
government or rules at all.
 People are well aware that
society could not last long
without some form of
government.
 Anarchies do not occur by
design, instead they happen
as a result of revolutions.
►
Democratic
Government
 Limited or Constitutional
monarchy: a government
where the king/queen, or
emperor shares power with
the prime minister and other
branches of government
 Japan is an example of this
type of monarchy
Different Types Of Governments
► Democratic
Government
 Republics are governments where the people
have the right to elect a president and
representatives to govern and make laws.
►The
United States is an example of a republic.
 The United States is also a democracy.
►A
democracy allows people to hold office, make laws,
and vote on issues.