Download Dealing w/ Dissent in the S

Chapter 15
Crucible of Freedom: Civil War,
1861-1865
Key Issues
• Mobilizing for War
• IN Battle, 1861-62
• Emancipation Transforms the War,
63
• War and Society, N & S
• The Union Victorious, 64-65
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Mobilizing For War: Recruit &
Conscript
Th
N (16 troops) & S unprepared
N: 1/3 officers joined Confederacy, L
as yokel, no direct taxes in decades,
never drafted
S: no tax structure, no navy, only 2
gunpower factories, poorly equipped,
unconnected railroad
Had to overcame these deficits in 2
yrs; expanded central gov’t power
Mobilizing For War: Recruit &
Conscript
• 2M men served in N; 800Th in S
• S: 1st conscription law in Apr ’62
– Age limit changed fr. 18 to 17 up to 50 fr. 35:
– serve 3 yrs.Changed to duration of war
– Antagonized the South; loophole of
substitute closed in ’63
– 20 Negro Law: exempt rich men
• S: solid munitions by ’62 due to Josiah
Gorgas
Mobilizing For War: supplies & food
• S: lack supplies & food due to focus on
tobacco & cotton; Union overran
livestock & grain-raising districts
– Impressment Act “63: officers take food as
prescribed prices & impressed slave labor
• N: No problems w/ food & supplies
• N: Enrollment Act “63: age 20-45
– Exemption: high officials, ministers, sole
supporters of widows & orphans;
substitution & commutation ($300 fee)
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Mobilizing For War: Financing the
In ’61 N raised incomeWar
tax, S small property tax: not
enough
Both turned to war bonds (loans fr. Citizens to be
repaid in specie)
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Specie scarcity led N&S to paper money
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S: $15M; N $150M
N: Legal Tender Act $150M greenbacks (treasurer Salmon
Chase)
S: never legalized paper $; no confidence; then printed
more ($1B) that led to inflation of 9TH% (Christopher
Memminger)
N: Republicans pushed for Nat’l Bank Act in ’63: fed
chartered & issue nat’l bank notes; shows greater
political cohesion during war
Mobilizing For War: Leadership
S. advantage of strong leaders
• Pres. Jefferson Davis: experience, West Pointer,
knack for making enemies
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5 Secretaries of War in 5 yrs.
N. disadvantage: political liability
• Lincoln: W. manners; yokel; inexperienced in neither
Senate nor cabinet
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Caught between Conservative & Radical; he
communicated w/ both
Radical Republicans berated him not making
emancipation a war goal & for eagerly admitting
rebel states into Union
Mobilizing For War: J Davis & his
VP Alex Stephens (GA)
S. advantage of strong leaders
• Davis goal: secure victory & secure
independence
• A. Stephen adhered to Conf.
Constitution: protect slavery & states’
rights; no protective tariff & no
internal improvements
Mobilizing For War: Lincoln & N.
Democrats
• L demanded strong gov’t to win war
• N. Democrats resisted centralized gov’t
• L better at controlling his foes than Davis
– N. Democrats apposed L led Republicans to
unify behind L: Union stronger politically
– S. Democrats & Whigs suspended rivalries
but no unity behind Davis who couln’t get
votes to pass measures
Mobilizing For War: Securing the
Borders
L: guarded DC Union’s
bordered by
VA & MD (slaves);
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dispatched fed troops to MD & suspended writ
of habeas corpus (p.443) citing state of
rebellion in Constitution Art.1.9
Fed could now arrest Marylanders w/out
formally charging them w/ specific
offenses…causing MD & DL to reject
secession:
Arming of Union sympathizer in KT (slave but
Unionist legislature, successionist governor):
KT declared U
MO declared Unionist, WV admitted in ’63
Union held key rivers in KT & MO
In Battle, 61-62
1st modern war due to reliance on
• railroads
• telegraph
• mass-produced weapons
• joint-army-navy tactics
• iron-plated warships
• rifled guns & artillery
• trench warfare
In Battle, 61-62 : Armies, Weapons,
Strategies
Union advantage:
• 22M people in ’61 vs. 9M (1/3
slaves) in S.
• 3.5 times white men of military age
• 90% of all US industrial capacity
• 2/3 of all railroad tracks
Union disadvantage: must force S
back into Union; S fought for
independence
In Battle, 61-62 : Armies, Weapons,
Strategies
Union disadvantage:
• Few troops for frontline due to
defend long supply lines; The S.
used slave labor
• Had to move troops & supplies long
distances: sabotage, bad roads &
weather,
In Battle, 61-62 : Armies, Weapons,
Strategies
Rifle
changed tactics:
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50’s improvement: bullet whose powder not
clog internal grooves
Had to be reloaded after each shot, but
Springfield or Enfield riffles hit target at 400
yards fr. 80
Defending force can now fire several instead
of 1 or 2 rounds before closing w/ the enemy
Harder to get close enough for bayonet
Turn to trenches for protection against rifle fire
W/ riffles, foot soldiers more effective than
cavalry
In Battle, 61-62 : Armies, Weapons,
Strategies
• Rifle changed tactics but high casualties
from duration rather than rife efficacy
• Surprise attack was more effective
– Ex: Fredericksburg in ’62 Conf. struck Union
w/ high casualties
– Ex: in Gettysburg ’63 Union shredded
charging Confederates
• Battles: traded volleys, charged,
countercharged, loser withdraws
In Battle, 61-62 : Strategies
• N had Anaconda plan devised by
Winfield Scott
– Blockcade southern coastline & to thrust,
like a huge snake, down the Miss River
– Goal: to seal off & sever the Confedera
– Failure to follow snake plan due to lack of
troops & navy flotillas
– To secure border slave states, troops were
in KT & MO, later in TN; sealed off Western
theater, but major conflicts were in easter in
‘61
In Battle, 61-62 : Stalemate in the
East
• S: moved capital fr. Montgomery, AL
to Richmond & encamped in
Manassas Junction (25miles fr. DC)
• First Manasas (1st Battle of Bull Run)
– Gen. Irvn McDowell v. P.G.T.
Beauregard
– Amateur armies, bloody chaos;
watched by well dressed picnickers
– Aided by last minute reinforcements,
Beauregard routed larger Union army
In Battle, 61-62 : Stalemate in the
East
• After Bull Run, McDowell was replaced
by G.B. McClellan as commander of the
Potomac Army
• McClellan’s goal: maneuveur Conf. into
futile attack on his army in order to avert
a destructive siege of Richmond; hope to
admit Conf. into Union w/ slavery intact
• Lincoln’s plan of victory: simultaneous,
coordinated attacks on several fronts to
exploit manpower & resources
In Battle, 61-62 :McClellan refused
to
attack
• w/ 100Th men at penisula, 5 miles to
Richmond, McClellan refused to attack
w/out further reinforcement
• During his delay, Robert E.Lee took
command of Conf. Army in N. VA
– Contrast w/ McClellan, Lee was bold &
willing to accept high casualties
– Lee attacked McC. In ’62 in Seven Days’
Battles: Conf. lost 2x as many men as N.,
but McC kept sending L panicky reports
– Lincoln ordered McC to call off campaign
In Battle, 61-62 :2nd Bull Run
• McC out of the picture, Lee & Stonewall
Jackson boldly struck north
• 2nd Bull Run: Conf. routed Union under
John Pope
• Lee, bolder now, crossed Potomac &
attacked w. MD, to relieve pressure fr.
Richmond, hoping Fr. & Br. to recognize
Conf.
– But McC met him at battle of Antietam
(Sharpsburg) & victory for N.; Lee called off
invasion
In Battle, 61-62 :Emancipation
Proclamation
• Antietam = bloodiest day of entire war w/ 24Th
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casualties
Victory at Antietam led Lincoln to issue the
Emancipation Proclamati
– Free all slaves under rebel control
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McC, “the slows” was replaced by Ambrose
Burnside, who proved his incompetence by
sacrificing his army in futile charge up the
heights in Fredericksburg
The war in the east has become a stalemate
In Battle, 61-62 : War in the West
• Union fared better in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant: competent, W.Pointer,
Mex war vet; heavy drinker, failed in
business & farming
• Grant gained controlled of MO & KT, 2
border states, then took TN, then
attacked Miss at Corinth
• Grant, encamped at Shiloh (20miles fr.
Corinth), was surprised by Albert
Johnston & PGT Beauregard & lost; but
then counterattacked w/ reinforcement &
won. The bloodiest battle until Antietam
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In Battle, 61-62 : War in the West
Focus on Shiloh left New Orleans vulnerable
to Union
– Benjamin Butler & David Farragut N. Orleans,
Baton Rouge, Natchez by land-sea attack
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Union flotilla took Memphis via Miss River;
control most of the river now
Union drove Conf. out of TX & NMex; secured
MO River; scattered Conf (include 3 Cherokee
regiments) in Arkansas
Union (w. volunteers) then turned on Indians
(Dakota Sioux v. Minnesota) & Indian wars
erupted in AR, NV, CO, NM(Kit Carson
overwhelmed the Apaches & Navajos)
In Battle, 61-62 : The Soldiers’ War
• Underaged boys & 250 women disguised
as men volunteered
• Union food: beans, bacon, salt pork,
pickled beef, hadtack
• Conf.: bacon & cornmeal; often ran out
of food, blankets, clothes, socks, &
shoes
• Both: poor santitation, lice, ticks, fleas,
rodents, diseases. A sergeant describe
“laying around in the dirt & mud, living on
hardtack, facing death in bullets & shells,
eat up by wook-ticks & body-lice”
In Battle, 61-62 : The Soldiers’ War
• ¾ of soldiers served in infantry, which
suffered most casualties
• Riffle ineffective due to lack of
experience, training, & terrain barriers
• Most died from facing one another until
one side fell back
• Letters home reflected motivation
– Conf. equated slavery to liberty
– Union: some for anti-slavery, some changed
their mind after seeing horror of it in the S.
In Battle, 61-62 : the Naval War
• N’s 40 active warships v. 1 in S
• By 1865, US had largest navy in
world
• Union captured ports & reduced S’s
int’l trade, which it relied on for war
• S. better as commerce raider
• The S. can’t match N’s naval power
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In Battle, 61-62 : the Diplomatic
War
Napoleon III (Fr) dreamed of colonial Mex &
welcomed US division
Upper class Fr & Br liked the S
S hoped Br will side w/ S due to its needs of cotton,
Br had Egypt & India as supplier
S dispatched James Mason & John Slidell to Br & Fr,
Union captain boarded vessel Trent (Br) and
captured the 2 as prisoners
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Br built commerce raiders, Florida & Alabama
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Br exploded & Lincoln returned prisoners
Charles Francis Adams protested, so Br bought these
rams for its own navy
L’s Emanciaption Proclam. After Antietem
neutralized all European interference
Emancipation Transforms the War
1863
• Save the Union as official goal but
emancipation of slaves was thrust to
the forefront after only 2 years
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Confiscation to Emancipation
Slaves fled behind Union line = contraband
(enemy property)
Confiscation Act in ’61: can seize all property
used in military aid of rebel
L was cautious due to Union slaveholders
(TN, WV, LA, sections of VA) & proslavery
Democrats, who fear blacks competing for
jobs in N
Rad Republicans (Thaddeus Stevens): “free
every slave, slay every traitor, burn every Rebel mansion…to
preserve the temple of freedom”
2nd Confiscation Act in ’62: can seize property
of all persons in rebellion, free escaped
slaves, employ blacks as soldiers
Confiscation to Emancipation
Then the Proclamation in ’63: great
military tactic as it
• mobilized European liberals
• pacified Radical & Democrats
• pushed border states to
Emancipation (MD & MO)
Crossing the Union Line
• By ’65 ½ M slaves in Union
• Slaves as pawns in attacks & counter
attacks
• One slave fr. NC celebrated his freedom
12 times
• Freemen worked for Union as cooks,
teamsters, laborers, scouts, spies,
• Faced fierce prejudice among Yankee
soldiers
• ’65 Congress created Freemen’s Bureau:
relief, education & employment of former
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Black Soldiers in the Union Army
’61 Union refused black soldiers
’62 Union generals formed black
regiments; especially in N. Orleans,
Sea Island (SC), GA
Large scale enlistment after
Proclamation
Frederick Douglas linked black
military w. citizenship
• By war’s end, 1/10 of Union were blacks
(186,000)
Black Soldiers in the Union Army
• Suffered far higher mortality rate than
white troops due to labor detachments or
garrison (disease-ridden) duty
• Confed sent black prisoners back to
slavery or executed them (Gen Nathan
Bedfore Forrest massacred many blacks
in TN)
• Unequal pay: $13/mo+$3.50 allowance
vs. $10/mo w/ clothing deduction
• Congress equalized pay in ’64
• Grant wrote “they make good soldiers”
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Slavery in Wartime
3M of slaves in S during war time;
Whites, fearful of revenge, tightened slave
patrols, moved plantations to safer place in TX
or upland region, spread scare stories
some slaves torn between loyalty & freedom
Robert Smalls, a slave, turned over a Confed
steamer
Union liberated about 10Th slaves on the Sea
Islands, became haven for black refugees
Defied system by fleeing or sabataging
But Confed. was desperate & armed 300Th
slaves but war ended 3 weeks later
Year of 1863 began badly
• Burnside’s defeat in Federicksburg, VA in
’62 continued into 1863
• Burnside’s successor, Joseph Hooker, w/
2x as many Conf. soldiers lost to R.E.
Lee & Stonewall Jackson (died here) at
Chancellorsville, VA.
• In W, Grant had difficulty taking
Vicksburg
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Turning Point in 1863
N upswing began w/ Lee’s decision to invade the
North w/ 75Th men down the Shenandoah
Conf. looking for shoes saw Union in town & both
called for reinforcement
Gettysburg,PA: the war’s greatest battle
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Lee’s 75Th vs. Meade’s 90Th
Pickett’s charge: massive infantry line of 15Th moved in to
be met by Union fire & rifled weapons: Conf. bodies litered
field
Lee lost 1/3
50Th men lost between Union & Conf., who retreated:
Union kept Lee from invading N.
Grant had success in Vicksburg, cut off Ark, LA, TX
War’s Economic Impact: N
N’s economy unevenly affected
• Damaged shoe industry: lost S. market
• Cotton-textile industry hurt
War benefited
• producers of arms & clothing
• Railroad (US Military Railroads): largest
– N. route: Omaha to S. Francisco due to
Republican Congress
– US gave large land grants (60M acres) & loans
($20M) to Union Pacific & Central Railroad
War’s Economic Impact: rich in N
• Homestead Act (’62): give 160 acre for
settling after 5 yrs.
• Morrill Land Grant in ’62: gave states
proceeds of public lands to fund the
establishment of universities (agriculture
& mechanic arts): Michigan State, Iowa
State, Purdue Uni…etc
• War benefited the rich: corrupt
contractors, Cyrus McCormich hit jackpot
by investing in pig iron ($23/lb to $40)
War’s Economic Impact: the poor in
the
N
• Wages lagged 20% behind, but
• Prices for finished goods rose due to
inflation, tariffs
• Men lost barganing power for high
wages because women & boys entered
work force for ½ of pay.
• Workers formed national unions to no
avail
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being accused of unpatriotic & army troops
were used to put down protests
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War’s Economic Impact: The S
Wrecked S.’s railroads, sank cotton production,
reduced wheat & corn
Agricultural shortage exacerbates S’s inflation
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Salt in NY $1.25 but in S is $60.00
Food shortage also due to concentration on cotton,
impress fr. Cilivians whose husbands were absent
Lack of factory-made goods led to home production
by women
Women fled as refugee
N traded food for cotton: Union’s policy “to feed an
army and fight it at the same time”
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Middlemen got rich
Dealing w/ Dissent in the S
• Dissent in S: Alexander Stephens (VP),
Zebulon Vance (Gov of NC), & Joseph
Brown of Ga attacked J. Davis as
despotic
– Although J Davis hardly suspend habeas
corpus
• Nonslaveholding farmers in the Appal Mt
loyal to Union: resented 20-Negro
exemption
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Dealing w/ Dissent in the N
Lincoln faced Democratic opposition of
centralized power & emancipation
Democrats mobilized antidraft by woeing
farmers of S. background, urban working
class, recent immigrants
– Led to violent eruption in NY: Irish roamed streets
for 4 days
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Lynched dozen blacks & injured hundreds, burned draft
office, homes of Republicans, & Colored Orphan
Asylum
– Squashed by federal troops; suspended habeus
corpus
– Fear of labor competition by blacks
Dealing w/ Dissent in the N
• N still had freedom of speech, press, &
assembly
• Court ruled that a civilian can’t be tried in
military court when civilian one is open
• Clement L. Vallandigham: an Ohio Peace
Democrat apposed suspension of
Habeus Corpus & proposed an armistice
– Was jailed for duration of war, but Ohio
Dem. Nominated him for gov, so L banished
him to TN. Valland. Escaped to Canada
The Medical War
• Women volunteered in US Sanitary
Commission
• 3,200 served in Union as nurses
– Dorothea Dix as head of nursing corps
– Clara Barton showed up w/ wagon of
supplies at Antietam
• She founded the American Red Cross in 1881
• S. nurses: Sally Tompkins, Belle Boyd,
Stonewall Jackson, Louisa May Alcott
The Medical War: deaths by
diseases
• 2:1 ratio of death by diseases to battle
• Miasm theory of diseases facilitated
sanitary measures
• Only beginning to investigate germ
theory in the 60’s
• Prison camps became death camps,
especially in the S.
The War & women’s rights
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In N & S, women took jobs vacated by men
– Offices, mills, factories, fieldwork (plowing,
planting, harvesting)
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Anna E. Dickinson (PA): hospital volunteer
and lectured about suffering of soldiers;
Republican begged her to campaign for them
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony
in ’63 organized Woman’s Na’tl Loyal League
– Gathered 400Th signatures, called to abolish
slavery via amendment, promoted women
suffrage
The War didn’t change women’s
rights
• Volunteers got no pay
• Workers got paid less than men did
• War didn’t change view on women’s
sphere
– Though war added “organized care for
wounded” to sphere
– Nurses classified as domestic
• Failed to capitalize on rising sentiments
against slavery: politicians saw little
value in woman sufferage
The Union Victorious
• By ’64, Union not closer to taking
Richmond & rebels still controlled most
of Lower South
• William T. Sherman: attacked fr. TN into
GA (Atlanta) & later Savanah, & SC
– Boost N. morale & helped L reelected
The Union Victorious: Eastern ‘64
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Grant = Union commander = coordinated attacks on
all fronts (like L)
Grant sustained offensive attack on Lee & suffered
reverses but forced Lee to retreat
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In Wilderness near Fredericksburg, VA
Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor: lost 7Th men in 1 hour
He countered Lee down Shenandoah Valley by
ordering Philip Sheridan, who controlled it
He orders William T Sherman GA against Joseph
Johnson, whom J Davis replaced w/ John B Hood
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Hood lost an arm in Gettysburg & a leg in Chickamauga
Attacked Sherman but lost
The Election of 1864: L vs Radicals
• Radicals resented L for delaying
emancipation
• dismissed his plans on restoring TN, LA,
& ARK to the Union
• Insisted that Congress not prez. Have
the power to set requirements for
readminsion
• Saw L’s reconstruction plan as too
lenient
• Nominated Treasury Salmon P. Chase
The Election of 1864: L vs
• Democrats
Democrats angry ‘cause L made
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emancipation a war goal
Peace Demo (Copperhead) wanted armistice
& negotiation between N& S
Demo. Nominated Gen George McClellan,
who distanced fr. copperhead
L benefited as Radicals isolated Peace Demo
by electing prowar Demo (TN) Andrew
Johnson
L won w/ 55% of pop. Vote & 212/233
electoral votes
L’s convention endorsed amendment to
abolish slavery & passed in 1865
Sherman’s March Through GA
• Hood lost Atlanta & retreated to TN
hoping Sherman would chase him
• Sherman marched across GA to
Savanah doing TOTAL war
• Thousands of slaves followed Union
• Destruction was part of vital strategy
($100M of properties)
• Gutted capital of SC—Columbia
• Moved on to NC & AL
• Total of 400 miles
Toward Appomattox
• Sherman’s march & reduced Conf’s
morale
• Grant attacked Petersburg, s. of
Richmond, reinforced by Sheridan
(Shenandoah victor)
– April 2, Sheridan smashed rebel flank at the
Battle of Five Forks
– Lee tried to escape but was caught
• Met Grant in a private home in village called
Appomattox Courthouse in VA
– J Davis fled the city but was captured in GA
Lincoln Assasinated
• Grant turned down theater date w/
Lincolns
• April 14 L was shot by proConfederate
actor John Wilkes Booth
– Booth shouted “sic semper tyrannis”
• L died the next day
• 8 accomplish: 4 hung, 4 imprisoned,
Booth was shot
The Impact of the War
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620,000 soldiers died
Ruined S. economy’
Whole US became industrial power as slavery
ended
Politic: “more perfect Union”
States’ rights still there but not extreme
– Never again exercise antibellum range of power
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Nat’l power: abolished slavery; imposed
income tax; Sanitary Commission
3.5 M slaves liberated
Conclusion
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