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Enzymes
Enzymes – special types
of proteins
Enzymes are proteins
capable of increasing
the rate of a reaction
without being
consumed in the
process
 Types of reactions
enzymes are involved in
include:
–Digestion
–Synthesis of molecules
–Storage and release of
energy
Enzymes have the
ability to carry out
reactions at lower
temperatures that
would normally require
extremely high
temperatures
 Activation Energy – the
energy required to attach
enzymes to substrates
and cause a change
 Substrate – the molecule
undergoing a change;
also called the reactant.
Section 2-4
Effect of Enzymes
Enzymes/Catalyst lower the activation energy
in order to speed up the chemical reaction
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation
energy
withProducts
enzyme
 Active site – place on the
enzyme where a specific
substrate attaches
 Reactant – in a chemical
equation, it is on the left
side; what is added
together to form products
 Product – the end result of
the enzyme-substrate
reaction; found on the right
side of a chemical equation
 Optimum – the best
conditions for a reaction to
occur. In your body,
optimum conditions are a pH
of 7 and a temperature of
37oC
 Denature – to permanently
change the shape of an
enzyme due to pH or
temperature extremes;
can prevent the enzyme
from functioning properly.
 Coenzyme – needs to be
present in some enzymes
to aid in the reaction. If it
is missing the enzyme
may not work; vitamins
act as coenzymes.
 Inhibitors – things that
prevent enzymes from
working properly
–Competitive inhibitors –
compete with the substrate
for binding sites on the
enzyme; slows down the
reaction; ex: ethanol and
isopropanol
–Noncompetitive inhibitors
– irreversible binding to
enzymes; stop the
reaction permanently Ex:
some heavy metals.