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Mammary Phases of Lactation Immune 1 Immune 2 Immune 3 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 QUESTION: •What is the smallest unit of the mammary gland? ANSWER: •Alveolus QUESTION: •What is the most variable component of milk? ANSWER: •Fat QUESTION: •The first milk produced by a female is called ____________ and contains _______________ to fight infection. ANSWER: •Colostrum, Antibodies QUESTION: •Describe the placement of organelles inside an epithelial cell. ANSWER: •Nucleus towards the outside of the cell – basal membrane •Golgi apparatus and other secretory organelles towards inside of cell – closer to lumen of alveoli QUESTION: •Draw an alveolus. ANSWER: QUESTION: •What is mammogenesis? ANSWER: •Preparation/Growth of breast tissue for lactation QUESTION: •Suckling triggers release of oxytocin and milk letdown during what phase? ANSWER: •Galactokinesis QUESTION: •Remodeling of the mammary gland after lactation has ended is called what? ANSWER: •Involution QUESTION: •During lactogenesis which hormone stimulates the synthesis of what? ANSWER: • Lactose QUESTION: •Describe the hormonal effects of galactopoiesis. ANSWER: •Prolactin maintains lactation, surges during periods of suckling •LH and FSH low due to inhibition of GnRH by prolcatin •Anovulation and amenorrhea can occur QUESTION: •Viral infected cells secrete this substance to protect neighboring cells from infection. ANSWER: •Interferons QUESTION: •What is the benefit of a moderate fever in fighting infection? ANSWER: •Spleen and liver sequester iron and zinc to stop microbial use •Metabolic rate increases to increase rate of repair QUESTION: •B cells proliferate to produce what? ANSWER: •Antibodies •Memory cells QUESTION: •Name the four ways antibodies fight antigens. ANSWER: •Precipitation •Complement-fixation •Agglutination •Neutralization QUESTION: •CD4 and CD8 cells are activated to become what? ANSWER: •CD4 – helper T cells •CD8 – cytotoxic T cells QUESTION: •Name two barriers in the first line of defense. ANSWER: •Skin •Mucous membranes QUESTION: •Name two cell types that are a part of the second line of defense. ANSWER: •Macrophages •Neutrophils •Natural killer cells •Phagocytes QUESTION: •What are three signs of the inflammatory response? ANSWER: •Swelling •Redness •Heat •Pain QUESTION: •Name three characteristics of the adaptive immune system. ANSWER: •Antigen specific •Systemic •Has memory QUESTION: •Explain why there would not be an immune response if helper T cells were not present. ANSWER: •Recognize antigen which leads to activation and proliferation of T and B cells •Also activate and recruit other immune cells QUESTION: •Where do T-cells and B-cells mature? ANSWER: •Thymus •Bone marrow QUESTION: •How can an organism acquire immunity actively? ANSWER: •Having an infection •Vaccinations QUESTION: •What is one type of passive immunity? ANSWER: •Donor antibodies •Mother’s antibodies QUESTION: •What type of protein recognizes normal cells as “self?” ANSWER: •Class I major histocompatibility complex proteins (MCH) QUESTION: •Describe the steps involved in phagocyte mobilization. ANSWER: •Leukocytosis – neutrophils released from bone marrow head to site of injury •Margination – neutrophils cling to capillary walls •Diapedesis – neutrophils flatten and squeeze through capillary walls •Chemotaxis – chemical signals attract neutrophils to specific area of injury