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Mammary
Phases of
Lactation
Immune 1
Immune 2
Immune 3
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QUESTION:
•What is the smallest unit of the mammary gland?
ANSWER:
•Alveolus
QUESTION:
•What is the most variable component of milk?
ANSWER:
•Fat
QUESTION:
•The first milk produced by a female is called ____________
and contains _______________ to fight infection.
ANSWER:
•Colostrum, Antibodies
QUESTION:
•Describe the placement of organelles inside an epithelial
cell.
ANSWER:
•Nucleus towards the outside of the cell – basal membrane
•Golgi apparatus and other secretory organelles towards
inside of cell – closer to lumen of alveoli
QUESTION:
•Draw an alveolus.
ANSWER:
QUESTION:
•What is mammogenesis?
ANSWER:
•Preparation/Growth of breast tissue for lactation
QUESTION:
•Suckling triggers release of oxytocin and milk letdown
during what phase?
ANSWER:
•Galactokinesis
QUESTION:
•Remodeling of the mammary gland after lactation has
ended is called what?
ANSWER:
•Involution
QUESTION:
•During lactogenesis which hormone stimulates the synthesis
of what?
ANSWER:
• Lactose
QUESTION:
•Describe the hormonal effects of galactopoiesis.
ANSWER:
•Prolactin maintains lactation, surges during periods of
suckling
•LH and FSH low due to inhibition of GnRH by prolcatin
•Anovulation and amenorrhea can occur
QUESTION:
•Viral infected cells secrete this substance to protect
neighboring cells from infection.
ANSWER:
•Interferons
QUESTION:
•What is the benefit of a moderate fever in fighting
infection?
ANSWER:
•Spleen and liver sequester iron and zinc to stop microbial
use
•Metabolic rate increases to increase rate of repair
QUESTION:
•B cells proliferate to produce what?
ANSWER:
•Antibodies
•Memory cells
QUESTION:
•Name the four ways antibodies fight antigens.
ANSWER:
•Precipitation
•Complement-fixation
•Agglutination
•Neutralization
QUESTION:
•CD4 and CD8 cells are activated to become what?
ANSWER:
•CD4 – helper T cells
•CD8 – cytotoxic T cells
QUESTION:
•Name two barriers in the first line of defense.
ANSWER:
•Skin
•Mucous membranes
QUESTION:
•Name two cell types that are a part of the second line of
defense.
ANSWER:
•Macrophages
•Neutrophils
•Natural killer cells
•Phagocytes
QUESTION:
•What are three signs of the inflammatory response?
ANSWER:
•Swelling
•Redness
•Heat
•Pain
QUESTION:
•Name three characteristics of the adaptive immune system.
ANSWER:
•Antigen specific
•Systemic
•Has memory
QUESTION:
•Explain why there would not be an immune response if
helper T cells were not present.
ANSWER:
•Recognize antigen which leads to activation and
proliferation of T and B cells
•Also activate and recruit other immune cells
QUESTION:
•Where do T-cells and B-cells mature?
ANSWER:
•Thymus
•Bone marrow
QUESTION:
•How can an organism acquire immunity actively?
ANSWER:
•Having an infection
•Vaccinations
QUESTION:
•What is one type of passive immunity?
ANSWER:
•Donor antibodies
•Mother’s antibodies
QUESTION:
•What type of protein recognizes normal cells as “self?”
ANSWER:
•Class I major histocompatibility complex proteins (MCH)
QUESTION:
•Describe the steps involved in phagocyte mobilization.
ANSWER:
•Leukocytosis – neutrophils released from bone marrow
head to site of injury
•Margination – neutrophils cling to capillary walls
•Diapedesis – neutrophils flatten and squeeze through
capillary walls
•Chemotaxis – chemical signals attract neutrophils to specific
area of injury