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LAST CHANCE AP BIOLOGY
Review
WHAT ARE SOME TIPS FOR THE MC
QUESTIONS?
Answer EVERY question
 Eliminates wrong answers first
 Make educated guesses when necessary
 If you know NOTHING and can’t eliminate even
1, choose C

WHAT ARE SOME TIPS FOR THE
FRQ?
Label all sections
 Follow directions
 Answer the question
 Use vocab and define it
 Write neatly and clearly
 Label all graphs (title, axis, UNITS etc)

WHAT IS ECOLOGY?

The study of the interactions of organisms and
their environment
WHAT IS BIOLOGY?

They study of life
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
Purpose
 Hypothesis
 Materials
 Procedure
 Data
 Results
 Conclusion

WHAT IS THE CONTROL GROUP?

The group in which nothing is changed or
manipulated
WHAT IS AN INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE?

The variable being changed by the experimenter
WHAT IS THE DEPENDENT
VARIABLE?

The thing that changes or is being measured
WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?

An educated guess
WHAT IS A THEORY?

An explanation supported by an abundance of
facts and evidence
WHAT IS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION?
Reproduction with one organism
 Used by bacteria
 Budding or fission
 Offspring are identical to parents

WHAT IS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION?
Reproduction between two organisms
 Egg and sperm
 Offspring are different from parents

WHAT IS AN ABIOTIC FACTOR?
Non living component of an environment
 Water, wind, temperature, soil, rock, gasses

WHAT IS A BIOTIC FACTOR?
Living thing in an environment
 Plants, animals, bacteria

WHAT ARE AUTOTROPHS?
Self feeders
 Get energy from the sun, like plants

WHAT ARE HETEROTROPHS?

Organisms that have to eat to get food, like
animals
WHAT ARE CARNIVORES?
Meat eaters
 Lions, tigers

WHAT ARE HERBIVORES?
Plant eaters
 rabbits

WHAT ARE OMNIVORES?
Eat both plants and meat
 People
 Bears

WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

The process by which plants turn sunlight into
ATP
WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
Carbon dioxide + water  oxygen + glucose
 CO2 + H2O  O2 + C6H12O6

WHAT ARE THE 2 STAGES OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
Light reactions (make oxygen)
 Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions-make glucose)

WHAT HAPPENS TO ENERGY GOING
UP A TROPHIC LEVEL?
Only 10% goes up
 The other 90% is lost to the environment as heat

WHAT IS A FOOD CHAIN?

The flow of energy through organisms in an
environment
WHAT IS A FOOD WEB?

Many food chains together
WHAT IS A KEYSTONE SPECIES?
One that affects all the others
 Usually a plant

WHAT IS SUCCESSION?
When organisms grow back after a catastrophe
destroys an area
 Small plants, like mosses, lichens, and grass,
grow back first

WHAT IS A LIMITING FACTOR?
Something that limits the size of a population
 Keeps it from growing exponentially

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF MATTER?

atoms
WHAT AND WHERE IS A PROTON?
Positively charged sub atomic particle
 In the nucleus

WHERE AND WHAT IS AN
ELECTRON?
Negatively charged subatomic particle
 In shells around the nucleus

WHAT AND WHERE IS THE
NEUTRON?
Neutral subatomic particle
 In the nucleus

HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY
PROTONS ARE IN AN ATOM?

Same as atomic number
HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY
ELECTRONS ARE IN AN ATOM?

Same as the atomic number
HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY
NEUTRONS ARE IN AN ATOM?

Atomic mass minus atomic number
HOW MANY ELECTRONS ARE IN
EACH SHELL?
2 in the first
 8 in the second

WHAT KIND OF BONDS ARE
BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES?

Hydrogen bonds
WHAT DO HYDROGEN BONDS
CAUSE BETWEEN WATER
MOLECULES?
Cohesion
 Adhesion
 Surface tension

WHAT IS POLAR?
Having a negative end and a positive end
 Oxygen is negative, hydrogen is positive

WHAT ARE SOME OTHER
PROPERTIES OF WATER?
Can be solid, liquid, or gas
 Ice is less dense than water
 Regulates body temperature
 Polar

LIST 3 POLYSACCHARIDES
Cellulose
 Glycogen
 starch

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF POLYSACCHARIDES (CARBS)?
Monosaccharides
 Glucose
 Fructose

WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering
activation energy
 A catalyst
 A protein
 Ends in -ase

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS
OF NUCLEIC ACIDS?
Nucleotides
 A, T, C and G

WHAT THINGS ARE MADE OF
PROTEIN?
Enzymes
 Hair
 nails

WHAT 3 THINGS DO ONLY PLANT
CELLS HAVE?
Chloroplasts
 Cell walls
 vacuoles

WHAT IS A PROKARYOTE?
Cell without a nucleus
 bacteria

WHAT IS HYPERTONIC?
HYPOTONIC? ISOTONIC?
Solution has more solute than cell
 Solution has less solute than cell
 Solution has the same amount of solute as the
cell

WHAT IS PLASMOLYSIS?
Cell shrinking
 Because water leaves

WHAT IS CYTOLYSIS?
Cell swelling
 Due to water entering cell

WHAT IS OSMOSIS?

The diffusion of water
IF A CELL HAS 26 CHROMOSOMES,
HOW MANY DOES IT HAVE AFTER
MITOSIS?
26
 2 cells

IF A CELL HAS 26 CHROMOSOMES,
HOW MANY DOES IT HAVE AFTER
MEIOSIS?
13
 4 cells

LIST AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES
OF MITOSIS.
Prophase-chromosomes condense
 Metaphase-chromosomes line up in the middle
 Anaphase-chromosomes begin to separate
 Telophase-nuclei separate
 Cytokinesis-cytoplasm separates into 2 new cells

WHAT IS FERMENTATION?
Cellular respiration when there is no oxygen
 Anaerobic
 Less ATP is produced

WHEN DOES CROSSING OVER
OCCUR?
Prophase I of meiosis
 Increases genetic variation

WHAT IS HETEROZYGOUS?
One dominant allele, one recessive
 Aa
 Phenotype is dominant trait

WHAT IS GENOTYPE? PHENOTYPE?
Genotype=genes
 phenotype=physical characteristics

A DIHYBRID CROSS WITH 2
HETEROZYGOUS ORGANISMS GIVE
WHAT RATIO?

9:3:3:1
WHAT IS REPLICATION?

When DNA makes a copy of itself
WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION?
TRANSLATION?
Transcription is DNA to RNA
 Translation is RNA to protein

WHAT ARE 3 DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN DNA AND RNA?
DNA is double stranded
 DNA has deoxyribose
 DNA has T and RNA has U

WHAT ARE THE NUCLEOTIDE
BASES AND THEIR MATCHES?
A
T
C
G

A-T
 C-G

WHAT SEX CHROMOSOME DOES A
FATHER GIVE TO A DAUGHTER?

X
LIST SOME SEX LINKED DISEASES
Color blindness
 Baldness
 hemophilia

WHAT IS A KARYOTYPE?

Picture of all 23 pairs of chromosomes
WHAT ARE SOME TYPES OF
FOSSILS?
Bones
 Molds
 Casts
 Carbon films
 Ice, amber, tar

WHAT WERE THE FIRST PRIMATES?
Prosimians
 Lemurs, lorises

WHERE DO OLD WORLD MONKEYS
LIVE? TAILS OR NO TAILS?
In Africa and/or Asia
 No tails

WHO DISCOVERED LUCY? WHAT
DID WE LEARN FROM HER?
Mary Leakey
 Hominids evolved bipedalism early in their
evolution

WHAT IS ORGANIC?

When something has carbon
WHY CAN CARBON BOND WITH SO
MANY OTHER THINGS?

4 electrons in the outer shell, can make 4 bonds
WHAT IS AN ISOMER?

When an atom has a different number of
neutrons
WHAT IS CATABOLIC/ANABOLIC?
Catabolic: breaking molecules, releasing energy,
exergonic, cellular respiration
 Anabolic: building molecules, needs energy,
endergonic, photosynthesis

WHAT MAKES UP OUR CELL
MEMBRANES?

Phospholipids (bilayer, polar heads face out
hydrophilic; non-polar hydrophobic tails face in)
WHAT DOES A RIBOSOME DO?

Make protein
WHAT DOES A LYSOSOME DO?

Digest things
WHAT DOES A VACUOLE DO?

Hold water
WHAT DOES SEMI PERMEABLE
MEAN?

Some things can go through and some can’t
WHAT AND WHERE AND WHAT
COMES OUT OF EACH STEP OF CELL
RESP?
Glycolysis
 Cytoplasm
 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acids
 Kreb’s
 Matrix of mitochondria
 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
 ETC
 Cristae of mitochondria
 Water, 34 ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation

WHAT AND WHERE AND WHAT
COMES OUT OF THE 2 STEPS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
Light dependent reaction
 Thylakoid Membrane of chloroplast
 Oxygen, ATP, NADPH

Dark, Calvin, Light independent reaction
 Stroma (fluid in chloroplast)
 Glucose, ADP, and NADP

WHAT ARE THE OPENINGS IN
LEAVES FOR CO2 AND WATER
CALLED?

stomata
WHAT IS THE FLUID IN A
CHLOROPLAST CALLED?

stroma
WHAT ARE THE 5 KINGDOMS OF
LIFE?
Animals (multi celled eukaryotes, heterotrophs)
 Plants (multi celled eukaryotes, autotrophs)
 Fungi (multi celled eukaryotes, heterotrophs)
 Protista (single celled eukaryotes)
 Monera (prokaryotes)

WHICH 2 ANIMAL PHYLA HAVE
DEUTEROSTOMES AND WHAT DOES IT
MEAN?
Chordates
 Echinoderms
 Means anus forms first as fetus

WHAT IS A COELOM AND WHO HAS
THEM?
Body cavity
 Mollusks and higher on the evolutionary tree

WHAT IS THE MAIN UNIT IN THE
KIDNEY?

Nephron
WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM MAKE AND WHERE?
Makes hormones
 In glands

WHAT IS THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC
THEORY?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were free living
 Then were absorbed by prokaryotes
 Which then evolved into eukaryotes (like us)


We know because mitochondria and chloroplasts
have DNA