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SGO REVIEW WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? Keeping stable INTERNAL conditions Keeping a balance like not too much or too little of water, food, temperature… WHAT ARE THE 5 MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS? C H O N P WHAT ARE THE 4 MOST IMPORTANT MOLECULES IN BIOLOGY? Proteins (builds you up) Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) Carbohydrates (energy) Lipids (fat) WHAT ORGANELLE IS WRIGGLY, LONG, NEXT TO THE NUCLEUS, AND DOES NOT HAVE RIBOSOME DOTS ON IT? Smooth ER WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS CALLED? Enzymes! WHAT ORGANELLE IS PEANUT SHAPED WITH WRIGGLES IN IT? (CRISTAE) mitochondria WHAT ORGANELLE IS PEANUT SHAPED WITH “PANCAKES” IN IT? (THYLAKOIDS) chloroplasts WHAT ORGANELLE IS WRIGGLY, LONG, FAR FROM THE NUCLEUS, AND DOES NOT HAVE RIBOSOME DOTS ON IT? (HAS VESICLES AROUND IT) Golgi body WHAT IS THE BOND THAT HOLDS ONE WATER MOLECULE TOGETHER? (HOLDS THE 2H TO THE 1O) Polar covalent (uneven sharing of electrons) WHAT BOND HOLDS 2 WATER MOLECULES TOGETHER (THE H FROM 1 WATER WITH THE O OF THE OTHER WATER) Hydrogen bonds (weak) C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2 WHAT EQUATION IS THIS? Cellular respiration H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2 WHAT EQUATION IS THIS? photosynthesis WHAT KIND OF TRANSPORT USES ATP ENERGY TO CARRY STUFF ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE (PUMPS)? active WHAT KIND OF DIFFUSION IS WATER ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE? osmosis C6H12O6 + 6O 2 ------> “MOLECULE A” + 6H2O + 6CO2 WHAT IS MOLECULE A? ATP WHAT CAUSES THAT SORE FEELING IN YOUR MUSCLES IN THE ABSENCE OF SUFFICIENT OXYGEN? Lactic acid WHAT DO ENZYMES DO TO REACTIONS? Speeds it up (by lowering the activation energy) WHAT IS THE AMINO ACID FOR GGG? glycine IS RNA SINGLE OR DOUBLE STRANDED? HOW MANY TYPES ARE THERE? Single-stranded 3 types (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA WHAT ARE THE 2 NUCLEIC ACIDS? DNA + RNA WHAT PART OF DNA IS DNA NAMED AFTER? Its sugar (deoxyribose) IN DNA, ADENINE (A) IS COMPLEMENTARY TO WHICH NITROGEN BASE? Thymine (T) WHAT PHASES OF MITOSIS ARE THESE CELLS IN? 1anaphase 2. prophase 3. metaphase 4. cytokinesis 5. telophase WHICH PHASE STARTS IT? WHICH PHASE ENDS IT? 2 prophase Starts 4 cytokinesis Ends it IN RNA, ADENINE (A) IS COMPLEMENTARY TO WHICH NITROGEN BASE? Uracil (U) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DNA SPLICING, DNA SPOOLING, & DNA EXTRACTION? Splicing – cutting up DNA into tiny pieces (by restriction enzymes) Spooling – wrapping DNA around glass rod to observe it Extraction – removal of DNA from a living thing WHAT WAS THE RESEARCH CALLED USED TO MAP OUT THE GENES ON OUR 46 CHROMOSOMES Human Genome Project WHAT TECHNIQUE IS USED TO AMPLIFY A SMALL AMOUNT OF DNA TO LOTS OF IT? PCR (polymerase chain reaction) IF PARENTS HAVE NORMAL VISION BUT SON IS COLORBLIND, WHO GAVE HIM THIS X-SEX-LINKED ALLELE? Mother bc son has XbY WHAT ARE THE KIDS’ BLOOD TYPES IF O IS CROSSED WITH AB? A or B THE INABILITY TO ROLL THE TONGUE IS A RECESSIVE TRAIT. IF TWO INDIVIDUALS HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE FOR THIS TRAIT HAVE A CHILD, WHAT IS THE CHANCE THAT THE CHILD WILL BE ABLE TO ROLL HIS TONGUE? 0% Bc parents are “rr” so 100% kids will be “rr”… so no rolling of tongue ANALYZE THE OFFSPRING 100% tall WHAT’S THE ONLY WAY THE OFFSPRING COULD BE SHORT? For the kid to be “tt”, the parents are heterozygous “Tt”, each contributing a recessive allele WHAT ARE THE 4 POLYSACCHARIDES AND WHAT ‘S THEIR FUNCTIONS? Glycogen – stores/supplies sugar for animals Starch – stores/supplies sugar for plants Cellulose – builds up plant cell walls Chitin – builds up exoskeleton of bugs + fungi WHAT IS THE ORGANIZATION FROM “ELEMENT” “ECOSYSTEM” ? Elements (CHONP) Molecules (PENCIL) Organelles (mitochondria, nucleus…) Cells (plant, animal, bacteria) Tissues (epithelial, connective…) Organs (lung, heart, eye…) Organ Systems (digestive, reproductive…) Organism (you, tree…) Population (people) Community (you and the tree) Ecosystem (you, trees, forest, air…) CONTINUE ON FOR MORE PRACTICE…. CELLS What creates ATP energy for the cells? What allows sensitivity to environmental stimuli? What contains information for growth and development? What captures energy from the sun? TISSUES What does connective tissue do? What does epithelial tissue do? What does muscle tissue do? What does nervous tissue do? HOMEOSTASIS What is chemiosmosis? What is exocytosis? What is turgor pressure? What is endocytosis? ENERGY What is the sodium-potassium pump for? What are sugar channels for? What are coupled channels for? What is the proton pump for? CYCLES OF MATTER Does carbon come from the sun?! Describe the water cycle. Describe the Carbon cycle Describe the Oxygen cycle. ENERGY When does a plant use water? When does a plant make NADPH? When does a plant make ATP? When does a plant make oxygen? When does C.R. use oxygen? ENERGY What is respiration? What is fermentation? What is oxidation? ENERGY C6 H12O6 + 6O2 + ADP + P 6CO2 + 6 H2O + MOLECULE A What is this equation for? What is “molecule A”? CELL DIVISION What process makes a cell that receives an exact copy of all the chromosomes present in the original cell? What process makes a cell that receives exactly half the chromosomes from the original cell? DNA PROCESSES CCTAGCT What complimentary code will be made in replication? What complimentary code will be made in transcription? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE What causes global warming? What causes ozone depletion? What causes acid rain? EVOLUTION Why is it beneficial for a population to be genetically diverse? Is it more beneficial for a population to be small or large? GENETICS / EVOLUTION What events cause variation within a species? EVOLUTION What is Darwin’s key term that describes how evolution is due to adaptations? Where is Darwin famous for studying? What species is Darwin famous for studying? GENETICS What does “carrying” the recessive allele mean? What are the chances that a homozygous recessive offspring is produced if both parents are carriers? BIOTECHNOLOGY What is genetic engineering? How do we use biotechnology to produce human proteins like insulin? EVOLUTION How can we find out how old a fossil is? What can organisms with traits well suited to their environment do better than organisms without these adaptations? What are acquired traits/characteristics? ECOLOGY/EVOLUTION What is homology? What is competition? What is protective coloration? What is convergent evolution? EVOLUTION What does inorganic mean? What does fossilized mean? What does mutated mean? What does vestigial mean? EVOLUTION What is geographic isolation? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE What is the human population right now? What was the Agricultural Revolution? What was the Industrial Revolution? How are population trends different in developed vs developing countries? ECOLOGY What % of energy does each trophic level get from the one below it? The rest is lost to what? Why are there more plant organisms than the rest? Why do the plants have the most energy? Why are plants the smallest in size (in general)? ECOLOGY What relationship is commensalism? What relationship is mutualism? What relationship is predation? What relationship is parasitism? ECOLOGY What is primary succession? What is secondary succession? What is coevolution? What is a niche? ECOLOGY What are autotrophs? What are heterotrophs? What are omnivores? What are herbivores? What are carnivores? What are detrivores? ECOLOGY What is the point of a chemical cycle like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water? LIVING THINGS How do you know something is living? (list at least 6 characteristics) CLASSIFICATION What are the 5 different groups of living things? Give an example of each. Put them in order of proposed evolution. CLASSIFICATION What is asymmetrical symmetry? What is radial symmetry? What is bilaterally symmetrical? BIOLOGY What is biology the study of? ECOLOGY Why are rainforests important? ANIMAL ANATOMY What is the puffy part of the earthworm called? What is its function?