Download Heinz_Kopetz

Biomass and CHP: Opportunities
not only for central and eastern
Europe
Dr. H. Kopetz
Berlin
5. Oktober 2007
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse
Content
• Some facts of the European energy
system
• District heating (DH)-The situation in
central and eastern Europe
• Efficiency, District heating and
biomass: European opportunities
Source: The used data are taken from the „Statistical pocketbook 2006“, EU
Commission and from „EUROPEAN BIOMASS STATISTICS 2007“, AEBIOM.
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse
AEBIOM
European Biomass Statistics 2007
•
•
AEBIOM, the European Biomass Association, has published a comprehensive report,
in September 2007, on the contribution of biomass to the energy system in the EU
27.
The report includes all relevant statistical data on biomass and serves as an
important reference for every person employed or interested in the bioenergy sector.
• A statistical report on the contribution of biomass to the energy
system in the EU 27
• Price: € 40,- (excl. postal charges)
• Copies of the report can be ordered via e-mail to
[email protected]
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•
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•
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Some table of contents-headlines:
Biomass: energy content, transformation coefficients, conversion factors
Biomass in the European Energy System
Land ressources and biomass potential
Biomass for heat and electricity
Biogas
Biofuels for transport
Introduction
Global warming is the biggest threat to our societies and
the economic wellbeing of future generations. Therefore
the energy policy has to contribute to the reduction of
C0² emissions. The decisions of the European council of
March 2007 set the targets; they are very ambitious as
the following table demonstrates:
Climate change and greenhouse
gas emissions
A succesful strategy against climate change requires a
strong reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions: minus
831 Mt until 2020 to comply with the council of 9.3.2007
C02 emissions, EU-25, Million tonnes CO2
year
Mt CO2 change
1990
2004
3790
3863
+1.9%
2020
3032
- 831Mt (-20%)
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse
Where come the C0² emissions from?
The main source of the C0² emissions is the
burning of fossil fuels. Given the European
energy mix 1Mtoe of fossil fuels releases
2.88Mt C0².
This means the use of fossil fuels has to be
reduced until 2020 by
300Mtoe
to comply with the decisions of the council.
What does 300 Mtoe mean in relation to the
energy system and the potential of RES?
As the following tables show
the losses in the energy system are much bigger
than the required reduction of fossil fuels, and
the additional amount of RES from 2004 to 2020
is not enough to replace 300 Mtoe fossil fuels.
Therefore the question : How can the losses be
reduced and what can biomass contribute to the
reduction of greenhouse gases?
Primary energy consumption and
transformation losses, EU 25, 2005
Losses occur mainly in thermal power plants without heat use!
Share %
Mtoe
Households
16
280
Tertiary
9
158
Transport
19
332
Industry
17
298
Non energy
6
105
Transformation 33
losses
577
Total
1 750
100
The potential of RES as compared to
the transformation losses, Mtoe
Total RES
Additional
RES 2004 - 2020
Transform.
losses
1995
2004
2020
EREC
74.3
110
348.0
238.0
577
Heat in all forms: 50% of the final
energy demand
• If we now turn to the final energy, we can
see that ca 50% of the final energy is used
as heat
• Heat for warm water, for space heating in
the residential, tertiary and industry sector
and for industrial processes.
Final energy consumption, EU 25,
2004, Mtoe
Mtoe
%
Heat
563
49
Electricity
228 (3 179TWh)
20
Transport
350
31
Total
1141
100
First conclusions
• The transformation losses are much higher than
the potential of the RES
• One main reason for these losses: the
separation of heat supply and electricity
production in thermal power plants
• Traditional thermal power plants have an
efficiency of 35 – 40%: this share of the primary
energy is converted to electricity, 65 – 60% is
wasted as heat, released to the environenment
• Heat is the biggest market within the energy
sector! To supply this market with the waste heat
from power plants you need DH-grids!
Content
• Some facts of the European energy
system
• The situation in central and eastern
Europe
• Efficiency, DH and biomass
• Opportunities for a decentralised
heat&power production
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse
District heating (DH) in Europe
• In 2003 the total heat demand/capita was ca
13 400kWh (total heat= heat for industry, tertiary and residential
sector).
• In some member states 40% of the needed heat was delivered by
DH, in the average only 8%, in some countries less than 4 %.
• As the following table shows, the nordic and baltic countries are
leading in DH. But also the Eastern European countries are well
positioned. In these countries DH is 100% above the EU average.
• A well developed DH grid is a prerequisite for an efficient power
production in thermal power plants.
• In many cases natural gas grids are the main competitors for DH!
District heating in Europe, kWh/capita
EU 27, 2003
One source of losses:
• The lack of sufficient district heating systems in
many countries is one main source for the huge
losses of energy in the thermal power plants.
• If we try to use 20% of these losses to heat our
cities and industries we could save
120 Mtoe!
This is already a big share of the necessary 300
Mtoe reduction of fossil fuels in the frame of the
C0² reduction policy.
A closer look to Eastern Europe
• As the following tables show, between 1992 and 2003
the amount of heat sold in DH systems has been
reduced substantially, in some countries by 50 - 70%
Bulgaria, Romania, Poland).
• But still, at present DH is much more developed than in
most West European countries.
A closer look to Eastern Europe:
heat sold via DH in Mtoe – rapid decline!
country
BU
CZ
HU
PL
RO
SK
SI
AT
1992
3.0
3.6
1.5
14.6
8.9
0.7
0.2
0.7
2003
0.9
2.7
1.4
7.4
2.4
1.0
0.2
1.3
Change %
-70
-25
-6
-50
-73
+43
+83
Biomass in DH in Europa
• As the following graph shows, the use of
biomass in DH in Europe is very low – in the
average only 1% of total heat used. There are
only a few exemptions like Sweden where they
sell 3000 kWh heat/capita in biomass DH
systems.
• In some Eastern European countries they use
an increasing amount of biomass for cofiring in
coal fired power plants with an efficiency around
30% to comply with the EU directive on RESelectricity and switched from DH to natural gas,
which they import from Russia.
Biomass heat via district heating:
kWh/capita, 2003
Heat demand EU 27: ca 560 Mtoe, here of DH: 45.5 Mtoe, hereof
biomass: 5.24 Mtoe
3000
2500
2000
1500
EU 25 average: 132
1000
500
0
SE FI DK EE LV AT LT CZ SK SI PL BE UK FR DE IT
EL, ES, IE, CY, LU, HU, MT, NL, PT: 0 KWh/capita
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse
Biomass in DH in EE countries
(EE= East Europe)
• The following table shows the situation
more in detail. As you can see, in Sweden
more than 50% of DH comes from
biomass, in Austria almost one third, in EE
countries less than 5%.
• This analysis demonstrates that there is a
considerable potential for C0² reduction by
substituting fossil fuels by biomass in DHsystems in EE-countries
District heat(DH) and Biomass District heat(BDH) :
in selected countries and EU average
kWh per capita
6000
5000
4000
DH/cap
BDH/cap
3000
2000
1000
0
BU
CZ
HU
PL
RO SK
SI
AT
SE
EU
A switch from fossil to biomass fuels means:
possible C0² reduction up to 85 Mt (13%!)
lower operating costs
but high investment costs to change the systems
The 7 new member states in central and Eastern Europe released 656 Mt C0²
in the year 2004. By substituting fossil fuels by biomass in the present DH
systems they would need 16 Mtoe biomass equivalent and could save 45
Mt C02, ca 7% of the present emissions.
• If they rebuild their not used systems to the level of 1993 and switch to
biomass they would need 29 Mtoe biomass and could save 85 Mt C0² or 13
% of their total emissions.
• The potential to deliver and produce this biomass exists – yet it has to be
developed.
• The price of primary energy in woody biomass is cheaper than in natural
gas, given the fact that gas prices increased by 50% in the last 2 years.
The lack of capital, of know how, of knowledga and of government support is
the main reason for not using these huge potentials for emission reduction
so far.
Biomass in DH heating
• From 48 Mtoe biomass for heat only 5 Mtoe are
used in DH, mainly in SW, Fl, DK, the baltic
countries and Austria!
• Central and Eastern European countries do
have DH networks but so far they don‘t use
biomass, they offer a huge potential for biomass
to heat.
• Many other countries only have small DH
networks and barely use biomass. They need
new DH networks and then they also could use
biomass.
Content
• Some facts of the European energy
system
• The situation in central and eastern
Europe
• Efficiency, District heating (DH),
biomass:European opportunities
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse
Biomass to energy chains: big differences in
efficiency and yields/ha
• The following 3 tables demonstrate the various
possibilities of biomass and the big differences in
efficiency and yields/ha between various biomass-toenergy chains.
• They explain, why AEBIOM is in favor to use more than
80% of the available biomass for heat production and
CHP plants, which should be operated heat-driven to
maximise the total efficiency.
• As is shown the efficiency varies from 25% to 90% and
the energy output per ha from 1 toe up to 5 toe.
The versatility of biomass
Primary energy conversion
Final energy
Biomass >
Combustion
heat
Biomass >
Comb. + steamproc.
Comb. + orc-proc.
gasification
Electricity
Biomass >
Fermentation
Esterification
btl
Transport. fuels
Biomass >
Anaerobic ferm.
Heat, electricity
Transport. fuels
biogas
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse
Efficiency and conversion technology
efficiency: final energy output in GJ/input inGJ without considering the
additional energy needed for the process and the energy in by-products
technology
efficiency
Combustion: heat
anaerobic ferment.: biogas
CHP: heat&electricity
Esterification: biodiesel
alcohol. ferment: bioethanol
2nd generation fuels btl
90%
75%
40 – 90%
57%
57%
30 - 45%
Steam process:electricity only 30%
Final energy/ha based on average
yields 2002 -2004, EU 25
ranking
product
crop
Aver. Yield/ha
toe/ha
1
combustible
miscanthus
12 t dry matter
4.8
2
biogas
silomaize
40 t
4.0
3
combustible
willows
9 t dry matter
4.0
4
2 nd gen. biofuels
willows
9 t d.m.
1.8
5
ethanol
corn
7.7 t
1.5
6
ethanol
wheat
5.9 t
1.1
7
biodiesel
rape
3.0
1.0
Bioenergy: Targets for heat,
electricity and fuels, 2020
share of biomass from 4.1% in 2004 to 12 – 14% in 2020!
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse
The so far developed facts are integrated into a
Heat scenario 2020 (EU 27)
• If we seriously want to reduce the C0² emissions by
831Mt, we only can succeed if we use the wasted heat
and if we promote the most efficient biomass to energy
chains- that is biomass to heat. What does this mean in
figures?
• We follow the council decisions – 20% less heat demand
by efficiency gains and better isolation, 20% use of the
heat losses of the power generation, efficient use of
biomass potential according AEBIOM, substitution of
electrical and fossil fuel driven heating systems - and
get the following figures:
Heat scenario 2020 : changes in the heat supply
between 2004 and 2020 in Mtoe based on the
decisions of the council spring 2007
:
Additional
Heat from biomass
+ 72
Heat from other RES
+ 18
Derived heat
+ 118
Saved heat by isolat.
+ 115
reduced
Heat from electricity
17
Heat from fossil fuels
306
Total
323
323
The effects of such a programm on C0²
reduction
• Implementing such a programm would help to save 306
Mtoe of fossil fuels just the amount we need to attain a
20% reduction of C0² emissions.
• To better evaluate the importance of this issue we
compare it with the community goals in the transporation
sector and the electricity sector:
• 10% biofuels means ca 33 Mtoe substituted
• An increase of electricity production from 15% to 21%
means ca 52 Mtoe substituted.
• As the following table shows only the heat market offers
the potential for a substantial decrease of emissions
Scenario C0² reduction 2004 - 2020
Saved fossil C0² reduction
fuels, Mtoe Mt
Heat supply
306
Transportation 30
826
81
10% biofuels
Electricity
52
106
388
1 013
21% RES electricity
total
C0² reduction in Mt 2004 - 2020
• The EU- heat market
offers the biggest
potential for C0²
reduction by replacing
fossil fuels by RES
and wasted heat –
yet, a new structure of
DH in many places is
necessary!
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
heat
fuel
electr
0
Some explanations and consequences
• The realization of our scenario would require to push ca
200 Mtoe renewable or derived heat into the market –
this corresponds to ca 100 Million appartments or
houses or 50 Million appartments and a similar heat
quantity in tertiary buildings.
• Experiences show that the replacement of a fossil driven
heating system by a RES system or the construction of a
new district heating system costs ca 10.000 €/unit.
• This means 1000 Bn € would be necessary for this
restructuring of the European heating system. In
comparison the annual Budget of the Union is around
100 Bn €.
The obstacles for such a takeoff
• Renewable electricity, blended biofuels can be used in the existing
energy infratructure and don`t need new appliances, cars or what
ever.
• On the contrary, pellets cannot be burned in a oil burner and district
heat cannot be used in a gas burner.
• Therefore the introduction of RES heat is a question of available
capital, of laws or of such high taxes on fossil combustibles that the
low operating costs help to overcome the investment burden.
• Therefore a new European fund for RES heat and retrofitting of
buildings is proposed to support the member states and the
individuals in financing the huge investments to restructure the
European heating system.
Additional biomass for heat
• So far biomass for heat comes mainly from the
European forests. But this supply is limited and
in some regions not available. Therefore new
perennial crops are neccessary such as SRC,
miscanthus, with high energy yields/ha to
produce enough biomass.
• These crops are unknown to the European
farmers. They need a 10 to 20 year commitment
and don‘t allow annual crop rotation. New
schemes have to be developed that make these
crops attractive for farmers
What Instruments can be proposed for this
change?
• Higher taxation on fossil combustibles; example SW,DK
ca 200 Euro/1000l heating oil and also on electricity for
heat
• An European fund for renewable heat and isolation of
buildings, that cofinances national and regional
programs: 10 bn Euro to build DH grids and DH plants
based on biomass, to invest in pellets and chip boilers,
to save energy in buildings
• New incentives to grow perennial crops
• Information, awareness building, training
RES-heat: What are the expectations of the
sector concerning the new RES directive ?
• No trading systems for RES obligations
• Indicative target for RES heat of 25% on EU level
• Provisions for national action plans
- sectoral targets for biomass heat, for DH deployment
-for solar thermal and geothermal heat, for biomass to
electricity, to fuels, supply concept,
- measures how to reach the targets, monitoring.
• Priority for biomass-to-energy chains with high energy
output/ha
• Sustainable biomass production
• A new fund for Renewable heat and energy saving in
buildings
A new structure for heat and
electricity supply
To meet the targets of the spring council 2007 Europe
needs a new structure for the heat supply and the
electricity production.
* A more decentralised production – electricity production
has to follow the heat demand.
• RES and derived heat has to replace fossil combustibles
and electricity in the heating sector.
• DH networks, chip and pellets boilers, solar thermal
installation should be in the center of the new heating
supply.
• Goverment policies are necessary to steer the market
forces towards a sustainable heating system.
Summary
• The reduction of fossil fuels in the heating
sector is a key issue in a policy against
global warming and for better security of
energy supply.
• This restructuring requires huge amounts
of capital, it also offers many new jobs.
• Therefore an European fund for renewable
heat and DH networks is proposed.
Danke für die Aufmerksamkeit!
Thank you for the attention!
Association Européenne pour la BIOMasse