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Byzantium and Islam: Eastern Empire and Middle East Mr. Marston Dominion Christian High School Marietta, GA Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire Western Empire • Last Roman Emperor in 476 AD • Germanic kingdoms controlled western Europe Byzas: Founder of Byzantium 1. Greek Colonist 2. Founded city in 667 B.C. 3. On recommendation of the Oracle at Delphi Constantine’s City-Constantinople Established as capital of Roman Empire in 330 A.D. as “New Rome” Constantinople: A Greek City (Istanbul Today) Bosporus Strait: Europe on left and Asia on right Location of Two Continents Sunset on the “Golden Horn” The Golden Horn: an estuary where Bosporus meets the Sea of Marmara Characteristics of Byzantium (Constantinople) • a. continuation of the Roman Empire (customs and traditions) • b. Kept political and legal structures of ancient Rome • c. Byzantine culture influenced by Hellenistic culture (more Greek than Roman), (more Asiatic than European). Characteristics continued • d. strategically located peninsula surrounded on 3 sides by water. • e. link in both land and sea routes between east and west • f. Strongly fortified Characteristics • g. Important political and religious center • h. One of the five major patriarchates of the Christian church. • i. The city was socially and civic minded. Emperor Justinian [r. 527-564] Justinian I: pursued 3 goals • 1. restoration of the western provinces to the empire • 2. the reformation of laws and institutions • 3. public works Reconquest of the West • Justinian attacked the Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Visigoths in the west • 554 AD was in North Africa • Southern tip of Spain • Italy: Sicily and southern Italy Justinian’s Empire at its Peak Reformation of laws and institutions Justinian’s Code: codified Roman Law Corpus Iuris Civilis: (Body of Civil Law) 1. Digest: a summary of legal opinions 2. Code:ex Justinanus: imperial edicts according to topics. 3. Institutes : a textbook to introduce students to the reformed legal system 4. Novellae: collection of new imperial edicts issued after 534. Last major works of the Empire written in Latin Justinian’s Code • Largest and richest source of information concerning the legal institutions and thought of the ancient Roman period. Western modern legal tradition descends from Justinian’s code Public Works Projects • Churches (Hagia Sophia) “Holy Wisdom” • Aqueducts • Roads • Commissioned art Church of Hagia Sophia [Holy Wisdom] Hagia Sophia (532-537) • Became the model for churches all over the Empire • Architectural masterpieces of the world Interior of the Church of Hagia Sophia • Hagia Sophia Petition Justinian and Theodora • Shared power • Theodora: actress who earned her way by the court historian, Precopius, by prostitution. (An outsider, with no roots in the social establishment of Constantinople and no inclinations to respect its conventions). Empress Theodora Nika Revolt 532: two groups (Blue and Green) together rose against Justinian and Theodora Theodora wanted her husband to stay and fight, he did. The revolt was crushed Assessment of Justinian’s reign • Fought a 2 front war which financially drained the Empire • memories of ancient Rome made him delusional to the inadequacies of his resources • Two enduring legacies: Hagia Sophia and Justinian Code Emperor Leo III and Iconoclasm • Emperor III grew up in Asia Minor and was exposed to Islam and heretical Christianity and absorbed suspicions that use of holy images (icons) was similar to idolatry. • Iconoclasm (image breaking) in 726 AD • a. forbid veneration of images within churches • b. pursued policy of destroying icons • c. negative effect on relations with western church Western and Eastern Church Differences • 1. filoque clause: “and from the son” which concerns the relationship between members of the Trinity (Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. • Eastern Church: Holy Spirit proceeds only from the Father • Western Church: Holy Spirit derives from the Father and the Son. Differences continued • 2. Eastern Church: priests could marry and divorce for reasons of adultery • Western Church: celibate • 3. Eastern Church: allowed use of vernacular in the liturgy (weakened the unity of the Eastern Church) • Western: Latin (used as unifier) 1054 AD (Great Schism) Byzantine & Sassanid Empires, 6c th 6 century Arabia: ? A Threat to the Great ? Empires