Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
ANS portion of systemic anatomy 1. List the three basic neuroeffector tissues innervated by the GVE neurons: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. 2. List the division of the ANS - sympathetic and parasymphetic 3. What is a ganglion? - an aggregation or group of cell bodies outside the CNS 4. Where do I find preganglionic neuron cell bodies on the ANS? - preganglionic neuron cell bodies are found in the CNS 5. Where do I find efferent neuron cell bodies of the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system? - in the anterior horn of the spinal cord 6. Where do I find postganglionic neuron cell bodies of the ANS? - these are found in the autonomic ganglia, note that it will exit the ganglia to synapse with one of the neuroeffector tissue - outside the CNS. 7. What is the primary function of the ANS? - maintains homeostasis - controls the function of the visceral organs and skin - autonomic tone and vasomotor tone sympathetic N.S. 8. What are the three types of autonomic ganglia and which division of the ANS are they associated with? - The sympathetic nervous system will have (paravertebral ganglion) - this ganglion is lateral to the vertebral column - (prevertebral ganglion) - this ganglion is anterior to the vertebral column: parasympathetic nervous system forms the (terminal ganglion) - located close to or in the wall of the organ innervated. 9. Where are the various autonomic ganglia located and know the names of the major autonomic ganglia? 10. What is the autonomic plexus and know the location of the major autonomic plexues? – the autonomic plexus is a network of interlaced nerves that arise from the ANS. Tympanic plexus Pharyngeal plexus Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus Celiac plexus Superior hypogastic plexus Inferior hypogastic plexus – 11. What are splanchnic nerves? - these are neurons that pass through the sympathetic trunk of ganglia with synapsing. 12. Know the specific locations of sympathetic preganglionic GVE neuron cell bodies in the CNS - the specific location of the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are found in lateral horn of the spinal cord and exit the vertebrae from TI L2 13. Sympathetic GVE neurons emerge from the spinal cord in the anterior roots of the spinal nerves from spinal segments TI to L2. 14. Sympathetic pregonglionic neuron fibers exit the spinal nerve via the white rami to enter the sympathetic chain ganglia. 15. Once the sympathetic GVE neuron exits the spinal nerve and enters the paravertebral ganglia, one of four things can happen. List them A. Pass directly into the sympathetic chain ganglion and synapse with a postganglionic neuron B. Pass directly into the sympathetic chain ganglion and ascend or descend the chain C. Pass through the sympathetic chain ganglion into the thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk without synapsing - splanchnic nerves (mylinated nerve fibers) - prevertebral ganglion D. Pass straight through to the adrenal medulla without synapsing 16. Sympathetic neurons which exit the paravertebral ganglia to rejoin the spinal do so via what structure? grey ramus 17. Which spinal nerves have white rami communicantes associated with them and which spinal nerves have grey rami communicantes associated with them? Explain the differences. - the spinal nerves that are associated with white rami communicantes are spinal nerves of T1-L2 - the spinal nerves that are associated with gray rami communicantes are spinal nerves of Cl - coccyx 18. What neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic sympathetic neurons? Acetylcholine (choline and acetyl coA) 19. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from preganglion sympathetic neurons? - Acetylcholinesterase 20. What neurotransmitter is released from the majority of postganglionic sympathetic neurons? catecholamines - norepinephrine 21. Give me the names and locations of the enzymes which inactivate the neurotransmitters released from the majority of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) - inactivates catecholamines by oxidation (this occurs in the preneuron axon boot 80% is brought back into the neuron)- Cotechol - 0 - Methyl transferase (CAT) - inactivates catecholamines by methylation (this occurs in the synaptic cleft which is about 20%) 22. Know the types and locations of the adrenergic receptors - Alpha 1, (in the eye) Alpha 2, (in the intestinal wall) and Beta 1, (in the heart) and Beta 2 (in the lungs). 23. List the three catecholamines: Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine 24. What tissue releases epinephrine? - the adreninal medulla - this is where norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine 25. Is epinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic neurons? - No 26. Which postganglionic sympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetycholine? those that innervate eccrine sweat glands and those that end on blood vessels in skeletal muscle - vasodilation 27. What tissue are innervated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons? - eccrine sweat glands, blood vessels in skeletal muscle, smooth muscle in eyes, lacrimal glands, parotid glands sublingual glands, and submandibular glands, smooth muscle of the stomach, pancreas, galbladder, kidneys, blood vessles, lungs (trachea, larynx, bronchi), urinary bladder, and penis 28. Where, specifically, are the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies located in the CN The parasympathetic ganglion is located close to, or in the wall of the organ innervated 29. The cranial portion of the parasympathetic nervous system innervates structures located where? - from cranium to abdomin 30. The sacral portion of the parasympathetic nervous system innervates structures located where? - lower abdomin and genitalia 31. Which cranial nerves transmit GVE fibers? - CN III, ‘ IX, X, transmit GVE 32. Which spinal nerves carry parasympathetic &VE fibers. - 52, 53, and 54 spinal nerves carry GVE 33. Where are the nuclei which give rise to GVE parasympathetic fibers located in the CNS? - in the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord 34. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the Edinger-Westfall are conveyed by the oculomotor nerve and synapse in the ciliary ganglion 35. Postganglionic neurons of the occulomotor nerve innervate what structures and have what effect upon these tissues? smooth muscles of the eye - parasympathetic - ciliary and sphincter M. of the pupil - constricts pupils - sympathetic - dilator M. of the pupil - dilation of pupils 36. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the pons (superior salivatory nucleus) are conveyed by the facial nerve and synapse in the submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglion. 37. Postganglionic neurons of the facial nerve innervate what structures and have what effect upon these tissues? - lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands and cause them to Secrete there fluids 38. Pregonglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the medulla oblongota (inferior salivatory nucleus) are conveyed by the glossopharyngeal nerve and synapse in the otic ganglia. 39. Postganglionic neurons of the glossopharynegeol nerve innervate what structures and have what effect upon these tissue? - parotid glands cause these glands to secrete. 40. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the medulla oblongata (floor of the 4th ventricle - dorsal region of the medula - in the dorsal nucleus and nucleus ambigus) are conveyed by the vagus nerve and synapse in the superior and inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve. 41. Postganglionic neurons of the vagal nerve innervate what structures and have what effect upon these tissue - heart decrease heart rate and conduction rate, lungs causes constriction of the bronchioles, &I tract increases the &IT secretions, and pancreas stimulates exocrine secretions. 42. What neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic parasympathetic neurons? acetylcholine 43. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from preganglionic parasympathethic neurons? - Acetylcholinesterase - inactivates acetylcholine 44. What neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons? - Acetylcholine 45. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons? - Acetylcholinesterase - inactivates acetylcholine 46. Define cholinergic - choline activated or transmitted by choline (acetylcholine) 47. Define adrenergic - catecholamine activated or transmitted by catecholomines (primarily norepinephrine) 48. Where is the location of nicotinic receptors? - autonomic ganglia postsynaptic and presynaptic junction also found on the somatic receptors (myoneural junction) - in the adrenal medulla 49. Where is the location of muscarnic receptors - neuroeffector organs of the ANS smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands 50. What effect does stimulation of nicotinic receptors have? - stimulates the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the adrenal medulla 51. What effect does stimulation of muscarinic have? - stimulates the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands 52. The hypothalmus is considered to be the highest and main subcortical regulatory center for the ANS. 53. The centers which monitor heart rate and blood pressure are located where? medulla oblongota 54. Which portions of the hypothalmus are associated with the parasympathetic nervous system control? - medial and anterior 55. Define anticholinergic - a parasympatholytic: blocking the passage of impulses through the parasympathetic nerves, and parasympatholytic - is an anticholinergic: produce effects resembling those of interruption of the parasympathetic nerve supply of a port: having a destructive effect on the parasympathetic nerve fibers or blocking the transmission of impulses by them. Also, an agent that produces such effects 56. What effect would a muscarinic blocker, like atropine, have upon heart rate, pupillary diameter, gut motility, GIT secretions, bronchial secretions, etc. increases the heart rate, dilates the pupils, decreases gut motility, GIT secretion decreases, bronchial secretions 57. What effect would a sympathomimetic drug have upon heart rote, pupillary diameter, gut motility, GIT secretions, bronchial secretions, ect. - adrenergic producing effect like to of impulses transmitted by postganglionic fibers of sympathetic NS., increase heart rate, dilates the pupil, decrease gut motility, decrease GIT secretions, dialate bronchial tree, 58. Why are you unable to focus on objects up closes after your eyes have been dialated at the ophthalmologist’s office with an anticholinergic drug such as tropicamide (mydriacyl)? - Allows for a greater influx of light therefore the eyes cannot focus on close objects 59. Are there any parasympathetic fibers to the upper and lower limbs, and if so where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies located, there are no parasympathetic fibers to the limbs - No 60. What is the difference in the ratio of pre to postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system verses the parasympathetic nervous system? the sysmpathetic nervous system pre to past ratio is one to many - parasympathetic nervous system pre to post ratio is one to one 61. What effect does autonomic nervous system input have upon skeletal muscle fibers, does it cause them to contract, relax, or have no effect. has no effect on the skeletal muscle. 62. What effect would bilaterally cutting the vagus nerve have upon heart rate, gut motility, and GIT secretions. causes an increase in the heart rate, decrease in gut motility, and a decrease in the GIT secretions 63. Why is epinephrine given to a patient in status asthmaticus or during anaphylatic shock? - it dialates the bronchial tree 64. What is meant by dual autonomic innervation of a tissue and how is this used to control various bodily functions? see drawings 65. A male which a herniated disc in the region of L1-L2 which is compressing the spinal cord would have what type of sexual dysfunction, failure to ejaculate or failure to attain an erection? Why? - L1-L2 is part of the sympathetic nervous system and would cause failure to ejaculate