Download ANS portion of systemic anatomy

ANS portion of systemic anatomy
1. List the three basic neuroeffector tissues innervated by the GVE neurons: smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
2. List the division of the ANS - sympathetic and parasymphetic
3. What is a ganglion? - an aggregation or group of cell bodies outside the CNS
4. Where do I find preganglionic neuron cell bodies on the ANS? - preganglionic
neuron cell bodies are found in the CNS
5. Where do I find efferent neuron cell bodies of the somatic division of the
peripheral nervous system? - in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
6. Where do I find postganglionic neuron cell bodies of the ANS? - these are found
in the autonomic ganglia, note that it will exit the ganglia to synapse with one of
the neuroeffector tissue
-
outside the CNS.
7. What is the primary function of the ANS? - maintains homeostasis - controls the
function of the visceral organs and skin - autonomic tone and vasomotor tone
sympathetic N.S.
8. What are the three types of autonomic ganglia and which division of the ANS are
they associated with? - The sympathetic nervous system will have (paravertebral
ganglion) - this ganglion is lateral to the vertebral column - (prevertebral
ganglion) - this ganglion is anterior to the vertebral column: parasympathetic
nervous system forms the (terminal ganglion) - located close to or in the wall of
the organ innervated.
9. Where are the various autonomic ganglia located and know the names of the
major autonomic ganglia?
10. What is the autonomic plexus and know the location of the major autonomic
plexues? – the autonomic plexus is a network of interlaced nerves that arise from
the ANS.
Tympanic plexus Pharyngeal plexus Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus Celiac plexus Superior hypogastic plexus Inferior hypogastic plexus –
11. What are splanchnic nerves? - these are neurons that pass through the sympathetic
trunk of ganglia with synapsing.
12. Know the specific locations of sympathetic preganglionic GVE neuron cell bodies
in the CNS - the specific location of the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell
bodies are found in lateral horn of the spinal cord and exit the vertebrae from TI L2
13. Sympathetic GVE neurons emerge from the spinal cord in the anterior roots of the
spinal nerves from spinal segments TI to L2.
14. Sympathetic pregonglionic neuron fibers exit the spinal nerve via the white rami
to enter the sympathetic chain ganglia.
15. Once the sympathetic GVE neuron exits the spinal nerve and enters the
paravertebral ganglia, one of four things can happen. List them A.
Pass directly into the sympathetic chain ganglion and synapse with a
postganglionic neuron
B.
Pass directly into the sympathetic chain ganglion and ascend or
descend the chain
C.
Pass through the sympathetic chain ganglion into the thoracic portion
of the sympathetic trunk without synapsing - splanchnic nerves
(mylinated nerve fibers) - prevertebral ganglion
D.
Pass straight through to the adrenal medulla without synapsing
16. Sympathetic neurons which exit the paravertebral ganglia to rejoin the spinal do
so via what structure? grey ramus
17. Which spinal nerves have white rami communicantes associated with them and
which spinal nerves have grey rami communicantes associated with them?
Explain the differences. - the spinal nerves that are associated with white rami
communicantes are spinal nerves of T1-L2 - the spinal nerves that are associated
with gray rami communicantes are spinal nerves of Cl - coccyx
18. What neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic sympathetic neurons? Acetylcholine (choline and acetyl coA)
19. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from preganglion
sympathetic neurons?
-
Acetylcholinesterase
20. What neurotransmitter is released from the majority of postganglionic
sympathetic neurons? catecholamines - norepinephrine
21. Give me the names and locations of the enzymes which inactivate the
neurotransmitters released from the majority of the sympathetic postganglionic
neurons.
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) - inactivates catecholamines by oxidation (this
occurs in the preneuron axon boot 80% is brought back into the neuron)- Cotechol
- 0 - Methyl transferase (CAT) - inactivates catecholamines by methylation (this
occurs in the synaptic cleft which is about 20%)
22. Know the types and locations of the adrenergic receptors - Alpha 1, (in the eye)
Alpha 2, (in the intestinal wall) and Beta 1, (in the heart) and Beta 2 (in the
lungs).
23. List the three catecholamines: Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
24. What tissue releases epinephrine? - the adreninal medulla - this is where
norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine
25. Is epinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic neurons? - No
26. Which postganglionic sympathetic postganglionic neurons release acetycholine? those that innervate eccrine sweat glands and those that end on blood vessels in
skeletal muscle - vasodilation
27. What tissue are innervated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons? - eccrine sweat
glands, blood vessels in skeletal muscle, smooth muscle in eyes, lacrimal glands,
parotid glands sublingual glands, and submandibular glands, smooth muscle of
the stomach, pancreas, galbladder, kidneys, blood vessles, lungs (trachea, larynx,
bronchi), urinary bladder, and penis
28. Where, specifically, are the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron cell bodies
located in the CN The parasympathetic ganglion is located close to, or in the wall
of the organ innervated
29. The cranial portion of the parasympathetic nervous system innervates structures
located where? - from cranium to abdomin
30. The sacral portion of the parasympathetic nervous system innervates structures
located where? - lower abdomin and genitalia
31. Which cranial nerves transmit GVE fibers? - CN III, ‘ IX, X, transmit GVE
32. Which spinal nerves carry parasympathetic &VE fibers. - 52, 53, and 54 spinal
nerves carry GVE
33. Where are the nuclei which give rise to GVE parasympathetic fibers located in the
CNS? - in the brain stem and the sacral spinal cord
34. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the Edinger-Westfall are
conveyed by the oculomotor nerve and synapse in the ciliary ganglion
35. Postganglionic neurons of the occulomotor nerve innervate what structures and
have what effect upon these tissues? smooth muscles of the eye - parasympathetic
- ciliary and sphincter M. of the pupil - constricts pupils - sympathetic - dilator M.
of the pupil - dilation of pupils
36. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the pons (superior salivatory
nucleus) are conveyed by the facial nerve and synapse in the submandibular and
pterygopalatine ganglion.
37. Postganglionic neurons of the facial nerve innervate what structures and have
what effect upon these tissues? - lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual glands
and cause them to Secrete there fluids
38. Pregonglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the medulla oblongota (inferior
salivatory nucleus) are conveyed by the glossopharyngeal nerve and synapse in
the otic ganglia.
39. Postganglionic neurons of the glossopharynegeol nerve innervate what structures
and have what effect upon these tissue? - parotid glands cause these glands to
secrete.
40. Preganglionic fibers from cell bodies located in the medulla oblongata (floor of
the 4th ventricle - dorsal region of the medula - in the dorsal nucleus and nucleus
ambigus) are conveyed by the vagus nerve and synapse in the superior and
inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve.
41. Postganglionic neurons of the vagal nerve innervate what structures and have
what effect upon these tissue - heart decrease heart rate and conduction rate, lungs
causes constriction of the bronchioles, &I tract increases the &IT secretions, and
pancreas stimulates exocrine secretions.
42. What neurotransmitter is released from preganglionic parasympathetic neurons? acetylcholine
43. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from preganglionic
parasympathethic neurons? - Acetylcholinesterase - inactivates acetylcholine
44. What neurotransmitter is released from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons?
- Acetylcholine
45. What enzyme inactivates the neurotransmitter released from postganglionic
parasympathetic neurons? - Acetylcholinesterase - inactivates acetylcholine
46. Define cholinergic - choline activated or transmitted by choline (acetylcholine)
47. Define adrenergic - catecholamine activated or transmitted by catecholomines
(primarily norepinephrine)
48. Where is the location of nicotinic receptors? - autonomic ganglia postsynaptic and
presynaptic junction also found on the somatic receptors (myoneural junction) - in
the adrenal medulla
49. Where is the location of muscarnic receptors - neuroeffector organs of the ANS smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
50. What effect does stimulation of nicotinic receptors have? - stimulates the
postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
also stimulates the adrenal medulla
51. What effect does stimulation of muscarinic have? - stimulates the smooth
muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
52. The hypothalmus is considered to be the highest and main subcortical regulatory
center for the ANS.
53. The centers which monitor heart rate and blood pressure are located where? medulla oblongota
54. Which portions of the hypothalmus are associated with the parasympathetic
nervous system control? - medial and anterior
55. Define anticholinergic - a parasympatholytic: blocking the passage of impulses
through the parasympathetic nerves, and parasympatholytic - is an
anticholinergic: produce effects resembling those of interruption of the
parasympathetic nerve supply of a port: having a destructive effect on the
parasympathetic nerve fibers or blocking the transmission of impulses by them.
Also, an agent that produces such effects
56. What effect would a muscarinic blocker, like atropine, have upon heart rate,
pupillary diameter, gut motility, GIT secretions, bronchial secretions, etc. increases the heart rate, dilates the pupils, decreases gut motility, GIT secretion
decreases, bronchial secretions
57. What effect would a sympathomimetic drug have upon heart rote, pupillary
diameter, gut motility, GIT secretions, bronchial secretions, ect. - adrenergic
producing effect like to of impulses transmitted by postganglionic fibers of
sympathetic NS., increase heart rate, dilates the pupil, decrease gut motility,
decrease GIT secretions, dialate bronchial tree,
58. Why are you unable to focus on objects up closes after your eyes have been
dialated at the ophthalmologist’s office with an anticholinergic drug such as
tropicamide (mydriacyl)? - Allows for a greater influx of light therefore the eyes
cannot focus on close objects
59. Are there any parasympathetic fibers to the upper and lower limbs, and if so
where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies located, there are no
parasympathetic fibers to the limbs - No
60. What is the difference in the ratio of pre to postganglionic fibers in the
sympathetic nervous system verses the parasympathetic nervous system? the
sysmpathetic nervous system pre to past ratio is one to many - parasympathetic
nervous system pre to post ratio is one to one
61. What effect does autonomic nervous system input have upon skeletal muscle
fibers, does it cause them to contract, relax, or have no effect. has no effect on the
skeletal muscle.
62. What effect would bilaterally cutting the vagus nerve have upon heart rate, gut
motility, and GIT secretions. causes an increase in the heart rate, decrease in gut
motility, and a decrease in the GIT secretions
63. Why is epinephrine given to a patient in status asthmaticus or during anaphylatic
shock? - it dialates the bronchial tree
64. What is meant by dual autonomic innervation of a tissue and how is this used to
control various bodily functions? see drawings
65. A male which a herniated disc in the region of L1-L2 which is compressing the
spinal cord would have what type of sexual dysfunction, failure to ejaculate or
failure to attain an erection? Why? - L1-L2 is part of the sympathetic nervous
system and would cause failure to ejaculate