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GEOL 3045: Planetary Geology
Lysa Chizmadia
Jupiter
 Largest planet
Introduction
– Fifth from Sun (or sixth)
 Eccentricity = 0.049
– 4.9-5.4 AU
 Axial Tilt = 3.13º
– Earth = 23.5º
 Orbital period = 11.9 years
 Rotational period = 9.9 hours (fastest)
 Mass = 1.90 x 1027 kg
– 2.5x more massive than all other planets combined
– ~318 Earths
 Volume = 1.43 x 1015 km3
– ~1321 Earths
 Average  = 1.33 g/cm3
–  = 5.52 g/cm3 (2nd highest of gas giants)
 At least 63 moons
Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter
Internal Structure
 Atmosphere:
– H & He
 ~ solar
– ~27 km thick
 Metallic Hydrogen Mantle:
– H2 upper mantle
– Liquid H lower mantle
 H nuclei do not have lattice order
 Rocky Core:
– From  measurements:
 3 - 15% of total mass
 12 - 45x Earth’s mass
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter
Atmosphere
 Pressure: ~70% of Earth
 Upper atmosphere:
– ~90% H & ~10% He (~ solar)
 Bulk atmosphere:
– 75% H & 24% He by mass
 With trace amounts of:
– CH4, H2O, NH3, H2S, Ne, O2, PH3, S, & H-Cs
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter
Clouds
 Ices in clouds:
– H2O, NH3, NH4SH
– Average cloud T: -121ºC
 Bands due to circulation zones
– Tropical zones
 Colors due to UV light
 Winds up to 100 km/s
 Red Spot:
– Rotates in 6 days
– Counterclockwise
– 2-3x larger than Earth
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter
Rings
 Faintest of gas giants
 Three parts:
– Halo
– Bright main ring
– Gossamer ring
Image from: http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/callisto/p48188.html
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter
 Composed of dust
– Low albedo (0.05)
– Compared to Saturn’s icy rings
 Produced from minor moons:
– Main ring: Adrastea& Metis
– Gossamer ring: Thebe & Amalthea
Magnetosphere
Auroral Borealis on Jupiter
 ~14x stronger than Earth’s
 Produced by eddys in
metallic H liquid
Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter
 Ionizes SO2 from Io
 Trapps ions from solar wind
 Causes radio emissions from
polar regions
 Extends >650 x 109 km
– Past Saturn’s orbit
Image from: http://www.solarviews.com/eng/jupiter.htm
Heat Output
 Radiates more Q than recieves from Sun
– Due to contraction (shrinks ~2 cm/yr)
 Originally twice the size & much hotter
Summary
 Largest planet in solar system
– Very small axial tilt = no seasons
– Fastest rotation (day)
 Atmosphere ~ solar = primordial
 Interior P & T high
– Liquid metallic H mantle
 Rings have low albedo = rocky dust
 Radiates more heat than receives from Sun
– Due to crystallization & contraction