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Pluto Flyby - New Horizons - The Johns Hopkins University Applied
Pluto Flyby - New Horizons - The Johns Hopkins University Applied

... distinct surface markings, an ice-rock interior that may harbor an ocean, and at least five moons for study. Among Pluto’s five moons, its largest — Charon — may itself sport an atmosphere or an interior ocean, or both, and possibly even evidence of recent surface activity. The smaller moons (named ...
Regular and Chaotic Dynamics in the Mean
Regular and Chaotic Dynamics in the Mean

... (Ferraz-Mello and Klafke, 1991; Klafke et al., 1992; Saha, 1992). This result suggested that resonant bodies can be transported to Mars-, Earth-, and Venus-crossing orbits and then be efficiently extracted from the resonances due to the larger mass of the two latter planets. The cited works confirme ...
A Thick Cloud of Neptune Trojans and Their Colors
A Thick Cloud of Neptune Trojans and Their Colors

... Neptune Troj, Neptune Trojans; Jupiter Troj, Jupiter Trojans; KBOs, Kuiper Belt objects; cold KBOs, classical KBOs with i G 10- and KBOs with perihelion 9 40 AU; Centaur blue, the blue lobe of the bimodal centaur distribution; Centaur red, the red lobe of the bimodal Centaur distribution; and Irr sa ...
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PDF

... Planets Solar system paper ...
On the formation of Uranus and Neptune
On the formation of Uranus and Neptune

... and NH3 ices, likely mixed with rock-very ...
THE IRREGULAR SATELLITES: THE MOST COLLISIONALLY
THE IRREGULAR SATELLITES: THE MOST COLLISIONALLY

... the Nice model). Multiple close encounters between the giant planets at this time allowed some scattered comets near the encounters to be captured via three-body reactions. This implies the irregular satellites should be closely related to other dormant comet-like populations that presumably were pr ...
Primordial Excitation and Depletion of the Main Belt
Primordial Excitation and Depletion of the Main Belt

... also called large embryos hereafter) of mass comparable to that of Earth could have dynamically heated the asteroid belt was first proposed by Safronov (1979). The existence of large embryos as leftovers from planetary formation is predicted by all the current theories (Fernandez and Ip, 1996). The ...
class slides for Chapter 9
class slides for Chapter 9

... instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by inst ...
Irregular Satellites - Southwest Research Institute
Irregular Satellites - Southwest Research Institute

... satellites, the irregular moons revolve around planets at large distances in tilted and eccentric orbits. Their origin, which is intimately linked with the origin of the planets themselves, is yet to be explained. Here we report a study of the orbital and collisional evolution of the irregular satel ...
Satellite names worth remembering
Satellite names worth remembering

... For almost 300 years, they were the only known Jovian satellites (“Jovian” means belonging to Jupiter). ...
Chapter 14 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
Chapter 14 Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and the Kuiper Belt

... 100  million  years  so  less  than  100  million  years  old   –  Origin  unknown:  possibly  from  fragmentation  of   other  moons?   ...
joelcrespo  - UpWardBoundGeneralScience
joelcrespo - UpWardBoundGeneralScience

... Orbit Size (semi-major axis): 1,426,666,422 km ...
Comets
Comets

... • The cluster had originally been a single comet, but an earlier close pass by Jupiter broke it up into dozens of pieces ...
Early Dynamical Evolution of the Solar System: Pinning Down the
Early Dynamical Evolution of the Solar System: Pinning Down the

... When a newly formed gaseous planet reaches a critical mass of ∼ 1MJ , it opens a gap in the proto-planeatary disk. Incidentally, the planet continues to interact with the disk via various resonances. Summed together, the resonant torques from a given side of the disk, somewhat counter-intuitively, p ...
The Exploration of Neptune and Triton
The Exploration of Neptune and Triton

... Neptune’s dark and dusty ring system is unique among the outer planets and expresses the bestdeveloped set of arcs in the Solar System. This system differs fundamentally from Saturn’s dramatic system, Jupiter’s small satellite-derived rings, and the narrow, dusty ring system of Uranus, though Saturn ...
Uranus and Neptune Uranus Saturn Neptune
Uranus and Neptune Uranus Saturn Neptune

... • Short exposure to reveal planet and inner rings • Long exposure to reveal outer rings ...
Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early
Irregular Satellites of the Planets: Products of Capture in the Early

... with formation in prograde rotating accretion disks. The most plausible explanation is that the irregular satellites were captured by the planets from orbits that were initially heliocentric. This difference in the modes of formation is what conveys fundamental importance to the study of the irregul ...
The populations of comet-like bodies in the Solar system
The populations of comet-like bodies in the Solar system

... & Duncan 1997). Centaur orbits are typically planet-crossing and have relatively short dynamical lifetimes (∼106 yr). Chiron, which is one of a number of exceptionally large minor bodies with perihelia close to or within the orbit of Saturn, exhibits cometary activity (e.g. Luu & Jewitt 1990) and ev ...
Outer irregular satellites of the planets and their relationship with
Outer irregular satellites of the planets and their relationship with

... 2004; R. Jacobson person communication). These resonances occupy a very small amount of orbital parameter space. The evolution of satellites into these resonances implies some sort of slow dissipation mechanism which allowed the satellites to acquire the resonances and not jump over them. This could ...
Outer irregular satellites of the planets and their
Outer irregular satellites of the planets and their

... 2003; Cuk & Burns 2004; R. Jacobson person communication). These resonances occupy a very small amount of orbital parameter space. The evolution of satellites into these resonances implies some sort of slow dissipation mechanism which allowed the satellites to acquire the resonances and not jump ove ...
Name: Period: ______ Uranus and Neptune The Discovery of
Name: Period: ______ Uranus and Neptune The Discovery of

... ___________________fields, but at a large angle to their rotation axes. The rectangle within each planet shows a bar magnet that would produce a similar field. Note that both Uranus’s and Neptune’s are significantly ______________________________________. Magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune may no ...
The Milky Way - UNT Department of Political Science
The Milky Way - UNT Department of Political Science

... when a larger world such as Ganymede has none? a. Impacts vaporize ices on these cold bodies. b. Tidal heating releases gases on these cold bodies. c. In cold environments, gas molecules have more mass. d. Gas molecules move more slowly at low temperatures. e. More frozen gases exist in the colder o ...
The Terrestrial Planets
The Terrestrial Planets

... • Increasing the mass of a Jovian planet mostly results in compression to higher density. ...
Ultra Deep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus
Ultra Deep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus

... rate, satellites would have trailed a distance comparable to the FWHM of the seeing during the 400 s exposures. The data were analyzed to find solar system bodies in two complementary ways. First, a computer algorithm was used to detect objects that appeared in all three images from one night and wh ...
a survey for ``normal`` irregular satellites around neptune: limits to
a survey for ``normal`` irregular satellites around neptune: limits to

... where ap and mp are the orbital semimajor axis and mass of the planet, respectively, and M is the mass of the Sun. Table 2 shows the Hill radii for the outer planets. The area of the Hill sphere searched for satellites is shown in Figure 2. Seven fields were imaged three times each on one night and ...
1 2 3 4 5 ... 39 >

Exploration of Io



The exploration of Io, Jupiter's third-largest moon, began with its discovery in 1610 and continues today with Earth-based observations and visits by spacecraft to the Jupiter system. Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was the first to record an observation of Io on January 8, 1610, though Simon Marius may have also observed Io at around the same time. During the 17th century, observations of Io and the other Galilean satellites helped with the measurement of longitude by map makers and surveyors, with validation of Kepler's Third Law of planetary motion, and with measurement of the speed of light. Based on ephemerides produced by astronomer Giovanni Cassini and others, Pierre-Simon Laplace created a mathematical theory to explain the resonant orbits of three of Jupiter's moons, Io, Europa, and Ganymede. This resonance was later found to have a profound effect on the geologies of these moons. Improved telescope technology in the late 19th and 20th centuries allowed astronomers to resolve large-scale surface features on Io as well as to estimate its diameter and mass.The advent of unmanned spaceflight in the 1950s and 1960s provided an opportunity to observe Io up-close. In the 1960s the moon's effect on Jupiter's magnetic field was discovered. The flybys of the two Pioneer probes, Pioneer 10 and 11 in 1973 and 1974, provided the first accurate measurement of Io's mass and size. Data from the Pioneers also revealed an intense belt of radiation near Io and suggested the presence of an atmosphere. In 1979, the two Voyager spacecraft flew through the Jupiter system. Voyager 1, during its encounter in March 1979, observed active volcanism on Io for the first time and mapped its surface in great detail, particularly the side that faces Jupiter. The Voyagers observed the Io plasma torus and Io's sulfur dioxide (SO2) atmosphere for the first time. NASA launched the Galileo spacecraft in 1989, which entered Jupiter's orbit in December 1995. Galileo allowed detailed study of both the planet and its satellites, including six flybys of Io between late 1999 and early 2002 that provided high-resolution images and spectra of Io's surface, confirming the presence of high-temperature silicate volcanism on Io. Distant observations by Galileo allowed planetary scientists to study changes on the surface that resulted from the moon's active volcanism.Following Galileo and a distant encounter by the Pluto-bound New Horizons spacecraft in 2007, NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) made plans to return to the Jupiter system and Io. In 2009, NASA approved a plan to send an orbiter to Europa called the Jupiter Europa Orbiter as part of a joint program with ESA called the Europa/Jupiter System Mission. The ESA component of the project was the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter. However, the EJSM mission collaboration was cancelled. ESA is continuing with its initiative under the name Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) to explore Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto, without plans to investigate Io at all. The proposed NASA Discovery mission Io Volcano Observer, currently going through a competitive process to be selected, would explore Io as its primary mission. In the meantime, Io continues to be observed by the Hubble Space Telescope as well as by Earth-based astronomers using improved telescopes such as Keck and the European Southern Observatory, that use new technologies such as adaptive optics.
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