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Review of Europe 500-1500 CE RECALL: What factors led to the decline of the Roman Empire by 476 CE? (Include EXTERNAL and INTERNAL factors) The Fall of Rome by 476 CE can be traced to: INTERNAL FACTORS: -Political factors (weak and corrupt leadership; division between East and West in the third century resulted in a more prosperous East; overexpansion) -Economic factors (constant wars and overspending; oppressive taxation; widened gap between rich and poor, overreliance on slave labor led to a labor deficit when expansion stopped and supply of slaves declined; declining agricultural production) The Fall of Rome by 476 CE can be traced to: EXTERNAL FACTORS: -Invasion of northern nomadic (barbarian) tribes such as the Huns and Goths (many Germanic tribes) -Acceptance of Christianity, while eventually becoming Rome’s official religion, weakened the traditional Roman values system, including displacing the polytheistic Roman religion which gave the emperor divine status The Middle Ages The decline of the Roman Empire ushered in the Middle Ages (or Dark Ages, or medieval period) of European history This lasted approximately from 476 CE-1500 CE Question: Why do you think this era was known as the “Dark Ages”? Roman Empire Prior to 284 CE Roman Empire 284-476 CE EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) After the fall of Rome, Western Europe fragmented into small kingdoms, while the East continued on as the Byzantine Empire The West would never again be reunited under central imperial rule, a feature that would define European history forever after Question: What effects did the constant Germanic invasions have on the Roman Empire? Effects of Germanic Invasions on the Roman Empire: -Disruptions to trade -Destruction of cities -Depleted economy -Nobles (and many people of other classes) retreated to rural areas -Decline of learning -Loss of a common language -Changing concept of government (Germanic people were loyal to family and local lords, not emperors) Question: What aspects of the Roman Empire continued during the Middle Ages in Europe? What Aspects of the Roman Empire continued during the Middle Ages in Europe? -The Christian faith -The Latin language merged with Germanic languages in Western Europe (eventually resulting in the romance languages that we have today such as Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and French) -The Byzantine Empire in the East continued the Roman imperial tradition (strong centralized government led by an emperor, Roman laws, etc.) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) The Church served as a stabilizing force during this chaotic time. The Christian Church would be the dominant social and cultural force in Europe during the Middle Ages. There were strong ties between Church and state, beginning in 511 when Clovis united the Franks under Christianity. The Church, with the help of Frankish rulers and missionaries, spread Christianity to more people. EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) In 590, Gregory I (Gregory the Great) became pope and broadly expanded the authority of the papacy beyond its spiritual role Church revenues were used to raise armies, repair roads, help the poor, and negotiate peace treaties with enemies This strengthened the vision of Christendom (a churchly kingdom ruled by a pope) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) extended the Franks’ reign and defeated Muslims at the Battle of Tours in 732, preventing further Islamic expansion past Spain into Europe Charles’s son, Pepin, agreed to fight the Lombards (who had invaded Italy); in exchange, the pope annointed Pepin king. This began the Carolingian Empire, a dynasty that would rule the Franks from 751-987. EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Pepin’s son Charlemagne then ruled the Carolingian Empire and made it greater than any empire in Europe since the Roman Empire Charlemagne conquered new lands and spread Christianity Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III- this signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of Rome EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Pepin’s son Charlemagne then ruled the Carolingian Empire and made it greater than any empire in Europe since the Roman Empire Charlemagne conquered new lands and spread Christianity Charlemagne was crowned Emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III- this signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of Rome Charlemagne’s son was ineffective; his 3 grandsons split the Carolingian Empire into 3 kingdoms in the Treaty of Verdun in 843, resulting in a breakdown of central rule EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) The breakdown of central rule in the Carolingian Empire as a result of the Treaty of Verdun (843), combined with new waves of attackers (the Vikings in the north, the Maygars in the east, and the Muslims in the south and southeast) resulted in a move to a political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty known as feudalism EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) The breakdown of central rule in the Carolingian Empire as a result of the Treaty of Verdun (843), combined with new waves of attackers (the Vikings in the north, the Maygars in the east, and the Muslims in the south and southeast) resulted in a move to a political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty known as feudalism EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) The Vikings: Were a Germanic people, referred to as Northmen or Norsmen Brutal in combat Used longboats Expert navigators Sailed as far away as North America (Leif Erikson, around 1000) Reign of Terror ended as more Vikings accepted Christianity and a warmer climate made more people turn to agriculture Received a part of northern France (later called Normandy) in return for a pledge of loyalty to the French king EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) Recall: Why was feudalism an effective political, economic, and social arrangement during the Middle Ages of Europe? EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Feudalism worked because: -Provided security and stability in a dangerous and chaotic time -Kings and nobles still had power and influence, just over a more narrow area -The manorial system was almost entirely self-sufficient EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Kings couldn’t effectively defend their lands from invasion Many in Western Europe turned to local rulers who had their own armies- any leader who could fight the invaders received followers, and thus political strength Easier to defend a small territory during this time EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) The feudal system was based on rights and obligations, and depended on control of the land: In exchange for military protection and other services, a lord (landowner) granted land called a fief The person receiving the fief was called a vassal EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Feudal society was structured as follows: Kings at the top Nobles and bishops- the most powerful and wealthiest vassals Knights Peasants (most were serfs, who were bound to land and legally obligated to work for a lord, but were not slaves) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Thus, status determined a person’s prestige in feudal society. There were 3 main groups: Those who fought (nobles and knights) Those who prayed (men and women of the Church) Those who worked (peasants) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Despite their harsh lives, most peasants accepted their positions and responsibilities in feudal society. WHY? EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Peasants were expected to perform all of the manual labor required at the manor (farming, tending to animals, etc.) Peasants were required to pay several taxes on grain, to the Church (called a tithe), and even on marriage Despite their harsh lives, most peasants accepted their positions and responsibilities in feudal society. WHY? EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) During the Middle Ages, nobles constantly fought with one another for power and prestige (preventing both peace and centralized rule) By 800, mounted and heavily armored warriors called knights became the most important part of an army in Europe QUESTION: What influences enabled the knight to become powerful in Europe? EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1200) Influences on the knight include: Interaction with Muslim cavalry going back to Charles Martel fighting the Muslims in the 700s Saddles and stirrups, imported from Asia (nomadic tribes had mastered horse riding and using cavalry in warfare) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) By the 1100s, the code of chivalry demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of 3 masters: his feudal lord, his heavenly Lord, and his chosen lady. He was also expected to defend the weak and poor. Most knights failed to meet these expectations and often treated lower classes brutally EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) By the 1100s, massive walls and guard towers surrounded castles Attacking armies used a wide variety of strategies to try to lay siege to castles: battering ram, siege tower, trebuchet, manlet, tortoise, and mangonel Defenders of castles poured boiling water, hot oil, and molten lead on invaders; archers were stationed on the roof EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) Literature of the time idealized chivalry and castle life, downplayed harsh brutal reality of the time Feudal lords and their ladies enjoyed epic poems such as The Song of Roland (framed the French battle with the Muslims as a struggle) Troubadours were bands of travelling poet-musicians EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) Most women in feudal society were powerless and seen as inferior to men, a position enforced by the Church Noble women had more rights, such as the ability to inherit estates from their husbands, but were still mostly limited EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) The Church was also able to become very influential during this time because of mostly weak central governments of Europe, also because rulers sought religious legitimacy The Church shaped the lives of all people of all social classes in medieval Europe While the feudal system created divisions, the Church brought people together EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) As the Church expanded its political role, some questioned the pope’s authority In crowning Charlemagne emperor in 800, Pope Leo III sought to influence both spiritual and political matters EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) All medieval people were subject to canon law (Church law) in matters such as marriage and religious practices. The Church also established courts to try people accused of violating canon law Violators faced: Excommunication (banishment from the Church) Interdict (sacraments and religious services would not be performed in a king’s lands) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) The Church frowned upon pagan rituals and beliefs QUESTIONS: 1. Why is this problematic during this time? 2. What could happen to you if you were accused of being a heretic (being at odds with the Church)? EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) Tell me about the Holy Roman Empire. What do you know? EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) The most effective ruler of medieval Germany was Otto I (Otto the Great)- crowned king in 936, built a close alliance with the Church When he invaded Italy on the pope’s behalf, he was crowned emperor. His empire became known as the Holy Roman Empire. Eventually dominated the Church and used it to maintain power EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) The Church was not happy that leaders such as Otto had control over clergy, especially resented lay investiture (where kings and nobles appointed Church officials) 1075: Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture Later German emperor, Henry IV, was furious, forced the pope to step down (Gregory excommunicated Henry) Eventually, bishops and princes sided with the pope, forcing Henry to plead for forgiveness EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) During Henry IV’s struggle with the pope, German princes regained power lost under Otto Frederick I tried to rebuild royal authority Frederick repeatedly invaded the rich city-states of Italy; in response, Italian merchants united against him and allied with the pope in the Lombard League 1176: Battle of Legnano- Italian foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat feudal knights EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) The Holy Roman Empire’s defeat at the Battle of Legnano undermined Frederick’s authority with the German princes, led to the breakup of the empire by his death in 1190 EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) The Holy Roman Empire was actually a patchwork of feudal territories Reasons why Germany didn’t unite during the Middle Ages: Repeated conflicts with the pope System of German princes electing the king weakened royal authority German rulers controlled far fewer lands to use as a base of authority than rulers in England and France EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) EARLY MIDDLE AGES NOTES (500-1000) Summarize Europe during the time period 500-1200 CE in terms of: Political characteristics Social characteristics Economic characteristics Cultural characteristics LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) Repeated invasions raided and destroyed many monasteries in Europe, thus learning declined Around the 900s, there was a spiritual revival in the clergy of the Church that would usher in the Age of Faith. Reform efforts by the Church accompanied this spiritual revival LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) Reform efforts conducted by the Church during the Age of Faith include: Enforcement of Church laws against simony (bishops selling positions in the clergy) and the marriage of priests Development of canon law on various matters (marriage, divorce, inheritance) Development of a group of advisors for the pope, the papal Curia, who also acted as a court Collection of Church taxes (tithes) Beginning in the 1200s, wandering friars spread the Church’s ideas Examples: The Dominicans, the Franciscans (founded by Francis of Assisi) LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) A new spirit in the Church and more money from the growth of towns and trade helped fuel the building of churches called cathedrals in cities. Between 800-1100, churches were built in the Romanesque style (round arches, tiny windows that let in little light, heavy roof) In the early 1100s, a new style of architecture- Gothic- emerged; it featured tall spires, pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses to support the roof’s weight, and huge stained glass windows to let light in Cathedrals were meant to be “cities of God” A Romanesque-style church (Examples of gothic cathedrals) TOP: Inside the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris RIGHT: Cologne Cathedral in Germany LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) QUESTION: What does the construction of these magnificent cathedrals say about Western Europe during this time period? LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) Question: What were the CAUSES of the Crusades? What were the EFFECTS of the Crusades? LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) CAUSES OF THE CRUSADES INCLUDE: Plea for help sent by the Byzantine emperor in 1093 for help against the Muslim Turks who were threatening Constantinople Desire to defend Christendom, not lose additional land to Muslims Desire to take holy land back (including Jerusalem)from Muslims Religious zeal (spirit) inspired by the Age of Faith Economic incentive: merchants could profit by making loans to finance the Crusades and by gaining access to trade routes Desire for adventure and purpose Religious motive: pope promised forgiveness of sins, assured a spot in Heaven LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) FIRST FOUR CRUSADES: First Crusade (1096-1099): Crusaders defeated Muslims, won a narrow strip of land containing Jerusalem, carved out Crusader states from this territory Second Crusade (1144-1155): Mission was to recapture the city of Edessa, which had been reconquered by Muslim Turks; ended in failure. Third Crusade (1187-1192): Mission was to recapture Jerusalem; Richard the LionHearted of England agreed to a truce with Saladin of the Muslim Turks in which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but Christian pilgrims could visit holy sites Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): Another attempt to recapture Jerusalem, never made it there; knights looted Constantinople instead LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) In the 1200s, four more Crusades to free the Holy Land were also unsuccessful Religious spirit of the First Crusade dwindled by 1200s SPAIN: Reconquista was the effort to drive out the Muslims (Moors), finally achieved in 1492; Isabella and Ferdinand (Spanish monarchs) used the inquisition to unify Spain under Christianity- heretics were often tortured or killed LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES INCLUDE: Women had more opportunities with men off crusading Religious intolerance toward Muslims Merchants expanded trade with SW Asia Failure of later crusades lessened the power of the pope Did not result in any lasting territorial gain for Christians Weakened feudal nobility, increased the power of kings Loss of life Increased spending on the military Interaction with Byzantines and Muslims sparked a growth of learning in Europe (incl. Classical Greek and Roman texts) LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) QUESTION: During the later Middle Ages, Europe changed dramatically from 1000-1400. What were some of those changes? LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) Changes to medieval Europe from 1000-1300 include: Increase in agriculture (warming climate, introduction of the three-field system, and use of horses to pull plows) Increases in trade and finance Growth of towns and cities Population growth Increased learning (including renewed interest in classical texts; writers such as Thomas Aquinas sought to prove religious teachings could coexist with classical philosophy) Development of universities Formation of guilds, or organizations of individuals inthe same trade that seek to improve the lives of members and the community as well Commercial Revolution: increased availability of various goods and new ways of doing business LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND By the 800s, small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 800s: Alfred the Great pushed back the Vikings, united as England (land of the Angles” 1042: King Edward the Confessor, a descendant of Alfred, dies without a successor 1066: William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, was Edward’s cousin, claimed the English throne; invaded England and won at the Battle of Hastings William redistributed land to nobles loyal to him, setting the stage for central government LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND Henry II (1154-1189) strengthened royal courts of justice, sent royal judges to every part of England, where they collected taxes, punished crimes, and settled disputes; introduced the use of the jury in English legal system Over the centuries, rulings of England’s royal judges formed English common law Henry II was succeeded by Richard the Lion-Hearted (of the Third Crusade) When Richard died, his younger brother John Softsword took the throne John was weak and ineffective, also was cruel to subjects 1215: Nobles revolted, forced John to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter), which guaranteed basic political rights (no taxation without representation, right to a jury trial) and limited the power of the king. LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND Formation of Parliament: The next king, Edward I, needed to raise taxes for a war against the French, called on burgesses (citizens of wealth and property) and knights to serve as a parliament, or legislative group. 1295: Knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords met at Westminster in London, where they would continue to meet whenever a new tax was called Eventually two houses of Parliament: House of Lords House of Commons Eventually, Parliament served as a check on the power of the king LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRANCE The breakup of Charlemagne’s empire (the Carolingian Empire) led to feudalism 987-1328: Capetian dynasty of French kings ruled France Philip II (Philip Augustus): Sought to reduce power of English kings in France; defeated John Softsword, took Normandy from the English. Greatly expanded France’s territory. Philip II wanted stronger central government- established royal officials called bailiffs, who were sent from Paris to every district to preside over the king’s courts, collect taxes Louis IX (Philip II’s grandson) strengthened central rule of France, established a French appeals court that could overturn lower court decisions LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) Example of a bailiff in a modern-day court room LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRANCE 1302: Philip IV got into a dispute with the pope, did not like how the pope exempted priests from paying taxes in France French king called meetings of lords and bishops to gain support for policies, included commoners First Estate: Church leaders Second Estate: Great lords Third Estate: Commoners (landowners, merchants *This meeting of the various estates was called the Estates-General. Unlike England’s Parliament, it never became an independent check on the king’s power. LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) EUROPE IN THE 1300s: ISSUES IN THE CHURCH 1300: Pope Boniface VIII attempted to force papal authority on Philip IV of France, said all kings must obey popes; Philip IV had the pope held prisoner, ordered him to stand trial > end of the pope’s ability to force monarchs to obey Clement V: French pope who moved the papacy to Avignon in France Great Schism: Divide in the church between the Italian pope Urban VI (who was arrogant) and the next chosen pope, a French pope, Clement VII (so, 2 popes at the same time) Later, there would be a third pope in Pisa 1414-1417: Council of Constance would force all 3 popes to step down, chose a new pope, Martin V, which ended the Great Schism but left papacy weakened LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) EUROPE IN THE 1300s: PLAGUE Known as the Black Death, the Bubonic Plague was spread by infected fleas that lived on rats Sometimes the disease would enter the lungs, causing pneumonic plague (more easily transferred) Spread along trade routes 1346: Mongol armies were laying siege to a city on the Black Sea called Kaffa; from there, rats infested with fleas boarded ships bound for Europe QUESTION: WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE IN EUROPE? LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) EUROPE IN THE 1300s: PLAGUE Effects of the plague include: End of the manorial system (feudalism) as serfs left the manor in search of better wages Medieval society was disrupted Church suffered loss of prestige- loss of faith Population fell dramatically Trade declined Nobles resisted peasant demands for higher wages-> peasant revolts Superstition abounded- Jews wrongly blamed LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) EUROPE IN THE 1300s: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR QUESTION :What were the causes and charateristics of the Hundred Years’ War? LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) EUROPE IN THE 1300s: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR The time of conflict between England and France from 1337-1453 is called the Hundred Years’ War. When the last French Capetian king died without a successor in 1337, England’s Edward III (grandson of Philip IV) claimed the French throne Back-and-forth, but English get some decisive victories from 1337-1420 1420: French, English signed a treaty stating Henry V (English) would inherit the French crown upon the death of French king Charles VI. 1429: French teenage girl Joan of Arc felt moved to rescue France from England, heard voices she believed were saints; led French to victory at the Battle of Orleans; was eventually captured by the English, given to the Church, deemed a hereticburned at the stake Eventually resulted in French victory in 1453 English were driven out of France, except in port city of Calais LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1000-1500) EUROPE IN THE 1300s: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR Effects of the Hundred Years’ War include: Ended medieval society in Europe- knights, chivalry no longer dominate Changed warfare in Europe- introduced the longbow, which could be fired rapidly and could penetrate armor- rendered cavalry ineffective (introduced by the English) Feelings of nationalism in England and France Period of internal turmoil called the War of the Roses in England LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1400-1500) THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE QUESTION: What caused the European Renaissance? What characterized the Renaissance? What were the effects of the Renaissance? LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1400-1500) THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE Centuries of war, invasion, disease and suffering caused people in Europe to want to celebrate life and the human spirit The Church and other institutions of the Middle Ages began to be questioned Began in northern Italy, where the city-states there had grown wealthy from trade Economic prosperity brought investment in the arts, leading to a flourishing of culture. Wealthy merchants, such as the powerful banking family the Medici, sought increased control over Italian city-states. There was new interest in the art and ideas of classical Greece and Rome Roman Catholicism was still a cultural influence, but many people became interested in the power of the individual (humanism) and also in secular (non-religious) topics such as history, medicine, government, etc. LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1400-1500) THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE Most Renaissance artists were men, but some women made important contributions Art emphasized realism, appreciation of the ideal human body Machiavelli- writer who wrote about political theory and philosophy Humanist writers sought reform of society- said religion had gone too far away from its humble origins Eventually spread to England, where it was known as the Elizabethan Age (after Queen Elizabeth I, who herself knew many languages and wrote poery and music; William Shakespeare would produce his famous works during this time Printing press, which utilized paper, block printing and movable type, all of which were created in China, helped with the transmisison of ideas in Europe; it was developed by German Johann Gutenberg in 1440; first book printed was the Bible LATER MIDDLE AGES NOTES (1400-1500) How did the Renaissance compare to the Middle Ages in terms of: Political characteristics Economic characteristics Social characteristics Cultural characteristics