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Middle Ages Slideshow Notes
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The Middle Ages lasted from _________________________ century to the _________________________ century in
Western Europe, and life was harsh, uncertain and _________________________.
During the Middle Ages, people formed small communities around a central _________________________ or
master.
The _________________________consisted of a castle, church, village, and farm land that surrounded the
area.
Name one of the items listed on the map of a medieval manor.
Each manor was mostly _________________________and produced all the food, clothing and shelter needed.
Special buildings on the manor were a _________________________for grinding grain, a
_________________________ house for making bread, and a _________________________ shop for creating metal
goods.
Manors were _________________________ and seldom had visitors except for visits from peddlers.
Under the feudal system, the king awarded _________________________or fiefs to his most important nobles,
barons, and bishops, in return for their contribution of soldiers for the king's armies
Nobles divided their _________________________ among the lesser nobility, who became their
_________________________. Many of these vassals became so powerful that the kings had difficulty
controlling them.
In 1215, the English barons formed an alliance that forced King John to sign the _________________________.
It limited the king's powers of taxation and required trials by jury. It was the first time that an English
monarch was subject to the law.
At the lowest level of society were the _________________________, also called serfs or villeins.
The lord offered his peasants protection in exchange for _________________________ and
_________________________ on his land.
_________________________ worked hard to cultivate the land and produce the goods that the lord and his
manor needed. They were heavily _________________________ and were required to relinquish much of
what they harvested.
It is the custom in England, as with other countries, for the nobility to have great power over the
common people, who are serfs. This means that they are bound by law and custom to
_________________________ the field of their masters_________________________the corn,
_________________________it into barns, and thresh and winnow the grain; they must also mow and
carry home the hay, cut and collect wood, and perform all manner of tasks of this kind. –Jean
Froissart 1395
Using the slide of the chart showing what jobs were performed throughout the year, state what is
done in Jan_________________________, May_________________________, Aug_________________________ and
Sept_________________________.
FEUDALISM: POLITICAL SYSTEM
_________________________, local government
Dependent upon the relationship between members of the _________________________
Lord and his vassals administered _________________________ and were the highest _________________________
in their land
MANORIALISM: ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Agriculture the basis for _________________________
Lands divided up into self-sufficient _________________________
Peasants (serfs) worked the land and paid rent In exchange for _________________________
Barter the usual form of _________________________
Whether they were nobles or peasants, women held a difficult position in society. They were largely
confined to _________________________ tasks such as cooking, baking bread, sewing, weaving, and spinning.
However, they also _________________________ for food and _________________________ in battles, learning to use
weapons to defend their homes and castles. Some medieval women held other occupations. There
were women _________________________, merchants, and _________________________. Others were midwives,
worked in the fields, or were engaged in creative endeavors such as writing, playing musical
instruments, dancing, and painting. Some women were known as _________________________, capable of
Middle Ages Slideshow Notes
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sorcery and healing. Others became _________________________and devoted their lives to God and spiritual
matters.
The _________________________ Church was the only church in Europe during the Middle Ages, and it had its
own laws and large income. Church leaders such as _________________________ and _________________________
sat on the king's council and played leading roles in government.
Bishops, who were often _________________________ and came from noble families, ruled over groups of
parishes called _________________________. Many times, they were part of the feudal system and in
exchange for a fief and peasants had to provide homage and military aid to a _________________________
_________________________.
Parish priests, on the other hand, came from _________________________ backgrounds and often had little
education. The village priest tended to the _________________________ and _________________________ and, if he
was able, taught _________________________ and the Bible to the youth of the village
Monasteries in the Middle Ages were based on the rules set down by _________________________in the sixth
century. The monks became known as _________________________ and took vows of _________________________,
_________________________, and obedience to their leaders.
Monks were required to perform _________________________ labor and were _________________________ to own
property, _________________________ the monastery, or become entangled in the concerns of
_________________________. Daily tasks were often carried out in _________________________.
Monks and their female counterparts, _________________________, who lived in convents, provided for the
less-fortunate members of the community. Monasteries and nunneries were _________________________for
pilgrims and other travelers. Monks and nuns went to the monastery church _________________________
times a day in a routine of worship that involved singing, chanting, and reciting prayers from the
divine offices and from the service for Mass. Between prayers, the monks read or copied religious
texts and music. Monks were often well _________________________ and devoted their lives to
_________________________ and _________________________.
Pilgrimages were an important part of _________________________ life in the Middle Ages. Many people took
journeys to visit holy shrines such the _________________________ Cathedral in England and sites in
_________________________ and _________________________.
Chaucer's _________________________is a series of stories told by _________________________ pilgrims as they
traveled to Canterbury
Most medieval homes were _________________________, _________________________, and _________________________.
Sometimes it was warmer and lighter _________________________ the home than within its walls. For
security purposes, _________________________, when they were present, were very small openings with
wooden shutters that were closed at night or in bad weather. The small size of the windows allowed
those inside to see out, but kept _________________________ from looking in. Many peasant families ate,
slept, and spent time together in very small _________________________, rarely more than
_________________________ or _________________________ rooms. The houses had thatched roofs and were easily
_________________________. The homes of the rich were more elaborate than the peasants' homes. Their
floors were _________________________, as opposed to being strewn with rushes and herbs, and sometimes
decorated with tiles. _________________________ were hung on the walls, providing not only decoration but
also an extra layer of _________________________. In simpler homes where there were no chimneys, the
medieval kitchen consisted of a stone hearth in the center of the room. This was not only where the
cooking took place, but also the source of central _________________________. In peasant families, the wife
did the cooking and baking.
The peasant diet consisted of _________________________, _________________________ from their own gardens,
dairy products from their own sheep, goats, and cows, and pork from their own livestock. Often the
true taste of their meat, salted and used throughout the year, was masked by the addition of herbs,
leftover breads, and vegetables. Some vegetables, such as cabbages, leeks, and onions became known
as "pot-herbs." This _________________________ was a staple of the peasant diet.
The kitchens of manor houses and castles had big _________________________ where meat, even large oxen,
could be roasted on spits. These kitchens were usually in separate _________________________, to minimize
the threat of fire.
Middle Ages Slideshow Notes
29. Most people in the Middles Ages wore _________________________ clothing, with _________________________
made of linen. Brighter colors, better materials, and a longer jacket length were usually signs of
greater _________________________. The clothing of the aristocracy and wealthy merchants tended to be
elaborate and changed according to the dictates of fashion. Towards the end of the Middle Ages, men
of the wealthy classes sported _________________________ and a _________________________, often with pleating
or skirting, or a _________________________ with a surcoat. Women wore flowing gowns and elaborate
_________________________, ranging from headdresses shaped like _________________________or
_________________________ to tall steeple caps and Italian turbans. Most of the holy orders wore long
_________________________ habits in emulation of Roman clothing. St. Benedict stated that a monk's clothes
should be _________________________ but comfortable and they were allowed to wear linen coifs to keep
their heads _________________________. Peasant men wore _________________________and tunics, while women
wore long _________________________ with sleeveless tunics and _________________________ to cover their
_________________________. Sheepskin cloaks and woolen hats and mittens were worn in winter for
protection from the cold and rain. Leather _________________________ were covered with wooden patens to
keep the feet _________________________. The outer clothes were almost never _________________________, but
the linen underwear was regularly washed. The smell of wood smoke that permeated the clothing
seemed to act as a _________________________.
30. Fur was often used to _________________________ the garments of the _________________________. Jewelry was
lavish, much of it imported and often used as _________________________ against loans. Gem cutting was not
invented until the fifteenth century, so most stones were not very _________________________. Ring
_________________________ were the most popular item from the twelfth century on.
31. Chaucer's _________________________ (or nun) in the Canterbury Tales wore a brooch with the inscription
Amor vincit omnia (__________________________________________________), not a particularly appropriate slogan
for a _________________________. Diamonds became popular in Europe in the fourteenth century. By the
mid-fourteenth century there were laws to control who wore what jewelry , and _________________________
were not permitted to wear rings. Sometimes clothes were garnished with _________________________, but
only the _________________________ could wear such items.
32. As the populations of medieval towns and cities increased, _________________________ conditions
worsened, leading to a vast array of health problems. Medical knowledge was limited and, despite the
efforts of medical practitioners and public and religious institutions to institute regulations, medieval
Europe did not have an adequate health care system. _________________________ weren't invented until the
1800s and it was almost impossible to cure diseases without them. There were many myths and
_________________________ about health and hygiene as there still are today. People believed, for example,
that disease was spread by bad odors. It was also assumed that diseases of the body resulted from sins
of the _________________________. Many people sought relief from their ills through meditation, prayer,
pilgrimages, and other nonmedical methods.
33. The body was viewed as a part of the _________________________, a concept derived from the Greeks and
Romans. Four _________________________, or body fliuds, were directly related to the four elements.
Fire: _________________________ bile or choler
Water: _________________________
Earth: _________________________ bile
Air: _________________________.
These four humors had to be _________________________. Too much of one was thought to cause a change in
_________________________--for example, too much black bile could create melancholy.
34. Medicine was often a risky business. _________________________ was a popular method of restoring a
patient's health and "humors." Early surgery, often done by _________________________ without anesthesia,
must have been excruciating. Medical treatment was available mainly to the _________________________,
and those living in villages rarely had the help of doctors, who practiced mostly in the cities and
courts. Remedies were often herbal in nature, but also included ground _________________________, urine,
and animal _________________________.
35. Art and music were critical aspects of medieval religious life and, towards the end of the Middle Ages,
secular life as well. _________________________ without instrumental accompaniment was an essential part
of church services. Monks and priests _________________________ the divine offices and the mass daily.
Middle Ages Slideshow Notes
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Some churches had instruments such as _________________________and bells. The organistrum or
_________________________ (later known as a hurdy gurdy) was also found in churches. Two people were
required to play this stringed instrument--one to turn the crank and the other to play the keys.
Medieval drama grew out of the _________________________, beginning in about the eleventh century. Some
of the topics were from the Old _________________________ (Noah and the flood, Jonah and the whale, Daniel
in the lion's den) and others were stories about the birth and death of _________________________. These
dramas were performed with costumes and musical instruments and at first took place directly
outside the church. Later they were staged in marketplaces, where they were produced by local
_________________________.
After 1000, _________________________ and order grew. As a result, _________________________ began to expand
their farms and villages further into the countryside. The earliest merchants were peddlers who went
from village to village selling their goods. They became savvy _________________________ and learned to
deal with Italian _________________________ and bankers. The English, Belgians, Germans, and Dutch took
their coal, timber, wood, iron, copper, and lead to the south and came back with luxury items such as
_________________________and _________________________.
With the advent of _________________________ and commerce, feudal life declined. As the tradesmen
became wealthier, they _________________________ having to give their profits to their lords. Arrangements
were made for the townspeople to pay a fixed _________________________ sum to the lord or king and gain
independence for their town as a "_________________________" with the power to govern itself. The
marketplace became the focus of many towns. As the townspeople became "free" citizens, powerful
families, particularly in Italy, struggled to gain control of the communes or boroughs. Town
_________________________ were formed.
Guilds were established to gain higher _________________________ for their members and protect them
from competitors. As the guilds grew rich and powerful, they built guildhalls and began taking an
active role in _________________________ affairs, setting up courts to settle disputes and punish
_________________________. The new merchant class included artisans, masons, armorers, bakers,
shoemakers, ropemakers, dyers, and other skilled workers. Of all the craftsmen, the
_________________________were the highest paid and most respected. They were, after all, responsible for
building the cathedrals, hospitals, universities, castles, and guildhalls.
Printing began in 1450 with the publication of the _________________________ by Johannes Gutenberg. This
revolutionized the spread of learning. Other inventions of the time included mechanical
_________________________, tower mills, and _________________________.
The inventions of Leonardo da _________________________and the voyages of discovery in the fifteenth
century contributed to the birth of the _________________________.