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Important Organic Compound Groups 1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates • Life's main source of Energy – (used in cellular respiration) • Include Sugars and Starches • Made of of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen – (C,H,O) • The ratio of (H:O) is usually 2:1 – Ex. glucose (C6H12O6), sucrose (C11H22O11) • Usually end in “ose” ending – Ex. glucose, fructose, sucrose Types of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides-Simple or Single Sugars 2. Disaccharides-Double Sugars 3. Polysaccharides-Starches Monosaccharides • Simple Sugars – Made up of only (C,H,O) – A single sugar molecule. – C:H:O ratio- 1:2:1 – Ex. glucose (C6H12O6), fructose (C6H12O6), galactose (C6H12O6), • Structural Diagram -“ring shaped” or Monosaccharide Draw into notes CH2OH H C HO C H H OH H C H C OH C6H12O6 C OH Build one in lab. Disaccharides • Double Sugars – Made up of two monosaccharide molecules bonded together by dehydration synthesis. – Ex. maltose (C12H22O11), sucrose (C12H22O11), fructose (C12H22O11), Dehydration Synthesis. • Building up in which water is produced as a byproduct. dehydration synthesis Dehydration Synthesis Extras • *Note: There is always one less water molecule produced than the number of molecules that are being joined together. • A disaccharide is made by linking two monosaccharides together. • A polysaccharide is made by linking more than two monosaccharides together. • Examples glucose + glucose [ 1 maltose (disaccharide) + 1 water glucose + glucose + glucose [ 1 starch (polysaccharide) + 1 water Remember • Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis (reversible reactions) Hydrolysis Polysaccharides • Starches – Long chains of monosacharides (glucose) – Made up of three more monosaccharides molecules bonded together by dehydration synthesis. – Ex. See next two slides Plant Polysaccharides • Starch - Stored glucose from photosynthesis • Cellulose – Composition of the cell wall. Humans cannot digest cellulose. often refer to cellulose as fiber. • Starch must be returned to glucose by Hydrolysis Animal Polysaccharides • Glycogen - a polysaccharide made of glucose by animals • Stored in the liver and muscle tissue. • Starch must be returned to glucose by Hydrolysis Tests for Carbohydrates • Benedicts Solution or Fehlings Solution – Test for Sugars – Blue g Green g Yellow g Orange g Brick Red little sugar -------------------------------------- much sugar • Iodine – Test for Starch – Brown ------------ Blue-Black/Purple negative ---------------------- positive Review 1. Monosaccharides-Simple Sugars 2.Disaccharides-Double Sugars 3.Polysaccharides-Starches Finish carbohydrate lab.