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Respiratory system I. Function Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment (external respiration) II. Pathway of Airflow A. Mouth/nose B. Nasal cavity C. Pharynx (throat, back of mouth) D. Trachea (windpipe) E. Lungs (Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) A. Mouth/nose 1. Air enters mouth or nose 2. Nose a. Cleans—nasal hairs, mucous b. Moistens c. Cilia and mucous trap dust particles d. Best for air to enter here B. Nasal Cavity 1. Warms air 2. Moistens air 3. Cilia continue to filter C. Pharynx 1. Back of mouth; throat 2. Passage for food and air 3. Epiglottis is located here D. Trachea 1. “Windpipe” 2. Kept open by Cshaped rings of cartilage 3. Contains cilia and mucous for filtering 4. Larynx (voice box)lies above trachea; largest piece of cartilage is the “Adam’s apple” E. Lungs 1. Trachea is divided into bronchi (2 tubes) 2. Bronchi divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles 3. Bronchioles lead to alveoli (air sacs) 4. Gas exchange occurs III. Gas exchange A. 3 things that happed to inhaled air: 1. In lungs, oxygen diffuses into the blood, via alveoli 2. Carbon dioxide diffused into the lungs, via alveoli 3. Water vapor is added 4. Air exits the lungs B. Inhalation & exhalation controlled by diaphragm IV. Control of Respiration A. Involuntary B. Controlled by medulla oblongata in the brain (brain stem) V. Respiratory Disorders A. Asthma: Constricted bronchioles trigger coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness. B. Acute bronchitis: Temporary inflammation of bronchi due to infection. C. Chronic bronchitis: Long-term inflammation of airways due to smoking or pollutants. D. Emphysema: Breakdown of alveoli structure, often due to smoking or pollution. E. Pneumonia: Alveoli filled with fluid and dead white blood cells due to bacterial infection. VI. Respiratory Fun Facts A. The lungs contain 1,490 miles of airways. B. Hiccups occur when the diaphragm contracts rapidly, forcing air through vocal cords. C. Every minute, about 6.5 liters (13 pints) of air is breathed in. D. Adult lungs hold an average of 3 liter (6 pints) of air. Excretory System I. Functions A. Excretion: Remove metabolic wastes (excess salts & water, carbon dioxide, & urea) B. Liquid wastes are removed (urine); large intestine aids in the removal of solid wastes (feces) II. Composition A. B. C. D. Skin Lungs Liver Kidneys & Associated organs (Urinary bladder, ureters & urethra) A. Skin (also part of integumentary system) 1. Sweat is released from the pores of your skin. 2. Sweat is a mix of 3 metabolic wastes: water, salts, & urea. 3. Sweating: a. Cools the body b. Excretes metabolic wastes B. Lungs 1. Exhalation of carbon dioxide & water vapor 2. Also a major organ of the respiratory system C. Liver 1. Largest internal organ 2. Functions in 3 systems a. Excretory: Produces a waste called urea b. Circulatory: removes & breaks down old red blood cells c. Digestive: produces bile; detoxifies blood; maintains glucose levels D. Kidney & Associated Organs (Urinary System) 1. Composition a. 2 kidneys b. 2 tubes called ureters c. 1 urinary bladder d. 1 urethra 2. Kidneys a. Filters the blood through a network of capillaries b. Needed substances are returned to the blood (99% of water) c. Produces urine (water, salts, & urea) III. Flow of Urine A. Produced by kidneys B. Carried by ureters C. Stored in urinary bladder D. Brought to the outside of the body by the Urethra IV. Fun Facts A. Each hour, the kidneys filter up to 12 pints (7 liters) of fluid from the blood. B. Urine is 95% water. C. On average we produce 2 L of urine a day. D. The bladder normally holds 250-300 mL, but can be force to hold up to 800 mL.