Download Respiratory/Excretory System Notes

Respiratory system
I. Function
Exchange
oxygen and
carbon
dioxide with
the
environment
(external
respiration)
II. Pathway of Airflow
A. Mouth/nose
B. Nasal cavity
C. Pharynx (throat,
back of mouth)
D. Trachea
(windpipe)
E. Lungs (Bronchi,
bronchioles,
alveoli)
A. Mouth/nose
1. Air enters mouth
or nose
2. Nose
a. Cleans—nasal
hairs, mucous
b. Moistens
c. Cilia and mucous
trap dust particles
d. Best for air to
enter here
B. Nasal Cavity
1. Warms air
2. Moistens air
3. Cilia continue
to filter
C. Pharynx
1. Back of mouth;
throat
2. Passage for food
and air
3. Epiglottis is
located here
D. Trachea
1. “Windpipe”
2. Kept open by Cshaped rings of
cartilage
3. Contains cilia and
mucous for
filtering
4. Larynx (voice box)lies above trachea;
largest piece of
cartilage is the
“Adam’s apple”
E. Lungs
1. Trachea is divided
into bronchi (2 tubes)
2. Bronchi divide into
smaller tubes called
bronchioles
3. Bronchioles lead to
alveoli (air sacs)
4. Gas exchange occurs
III. Gas exchange
A. 3 things that happed to
inhaled air:
1. In lungs, oxygen
diffuses into the blood,
via alveoli
2. Carbon dioxide
diffused into the lungs,
via alveoli
3. Water vapor is added
4. Air exits the lungs
B. Inhalation & exhalation
controlled by diaphragm
IV. Control of Respiration
A. Involuntary
B. Controlled by
medulla oblongata
in the brain
(brain stem)
V. Respiratory Disorders
A. Asthma: Constricted bronchioles
trigger coughing, wheezing, and
breathlessness.
B. Acute bronchitis: Temporary
inflammation of bronchi due to infection.
C. Chronic bronchitis: Long-term
inflammation of airways due to smoking or
pollutants.
D. Emphysema: Breakdown of alveoli
structure, often due to smoking or
pollution.
E. Pneumonia: Alveoli filled with fluid
and dead white blood cells due to
bacterial infection.
VI. Respiratory Fun Facts
A. The lungs contain 1,490 miles of airways.
B. Hiccups occur when the diaphragm
contracts rapidly, forcing air through
vocal cords.
C. Every minute, about 6.5 liters (13 pints)
of air is breathed in.
D. Adult lungs hold an average of 3 liter (6
pints) of air.
Excretory System
I. Functions
A. Excretion: Remove
metabolic wastes
(excess salts &
water, carbon
dioxide, & urea)
B. Liquid wastes are
removed (urine);
large intestine aids in
the removal of solid
wastes (feces)
II. Composition
A.
B.
C.
D.
Skin
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys &
Associated organs
(Urinary bladder,
ureters & urethra)
A. Skin
(also part of integumentary system)
1. Sweat is released
from the pores of
your skin.
2. Sweat is a mix of
3 metabolic
wastes: water,
salts, & urea.
3. Sweating:
a. Cools the body
b. Excretes
metabolic wastes
B. Lungs
1. Exhalation of
carbon dioxide &
water vapor
2. Also a major organ
of the respiratory
system
C. Liver
1. Largest internal organ
2. Functions in 3 systems
a. Excretory: Produces
a waste called urea
b. Circulatory: removes
& breaks down old red
blood cells
c. Digestive: produces
bile; detoxifies blood;
maintains glucose levels
D. Kidney & Associated Organs
(Urinary System)
1. Composition
a. 2 kidneys
b. 2 tubes called
ureters
c. 1 urinary bladder
d. 1 urethra
2. Kidneys
a. Filters the blood
through a network of
capillaries
b. Needed substances
are returned to the
blood (99% of water)
c. Produces urine
(water, salts, & urea)
III. Flow of Urine
A. Produced by
kidneys
B. Carried by
ureters
C. Stored in urinary
bladder
D. Brought to the
outside of the
body by the
Urethra
IV. Fun Facts 
A. Each hour, the kidneys filter up to 12
pints (7 liters) of fluid from the blood.
B. Urine is 95% water.
C. On average we produce 2 L of urine a day.
D. The bladder normally holds 250-300 mL,
but can be force to hold up to 800 mL.