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European Exploration of the Americas
1492-1650
Section 1 – Spain Claims an Empire
Guiding Chapter Essential Question:
How did Europeans transform life in the Americas?
Essential Question:
1. Why did the Europeans want to explore the Americas?
2. Why did the Native American Civilizations fall so quickly?
I.
Exploring the Americas
A. Shortcuts to Asia
1. In order to avoid the Italian and Arab merchants’ exorbitant
prices, Europeans looked for other routes to Asia
2. Prince Henry the Navigator began a school of navigation in
Portugal
a. Taught advanced cartography and the use of nautical
instruments
b. Trained captains to explore the Atlantic and coast of
Africa
3. Caravel – improved ship created by Portugal
a. Lateen Sails – Triangular sails capable of sailing into the
wind
b. Shallow Draft – could sail up rivers
c. Impressive Cargo Hold – could carry up to 130 tons
4. Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese explorer
a. 1488, reached the southern tip of Africa
b. Turned back to Europe at urging of his crew
c. Named tip “Cape of Good Hope”
B. A Water Route to Asia
1. Vasco da Gama – Portuguese Explorer
a. 1498 – Followed Dias’s route and reached India
b. Found the all-water route to Asia
2. Europeans no longer had to deal with Muslim or Italian
traders
C. Christopher Columbus
1. Thought he could reach Asia by sailing west
a. Thought the world was smaller than it really is
b. Didn’t know about North or South America
2. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain hired
Columbus (1492)
a. Wanted Spain to get rich like Portugal
b. Wanted to spread Christianity
D. Reaching the Americas
1. Reached island in the Bahamas on Oct 12, 1492 after over two
months of sailing; named island San Salvador
2. Spent three months looking for spices and gold; found no
spices and little gold
3. Discovered Hispaniola where Columbus found some gold and
pearls.
4. Columbus dies thinking he reached Asia
E. Dividing Up the World
1. Line of Demarcation (1493) – Pope Alexander VI drew an
imaginary line to divide the non-Christian world between
Spain & Portugal
2. Treaty of Tordesillas
a. Moved Line of Demarcation 800 miles west
b. Allowed Portugal to have colony of Brazil in SA
3. Why do Explorers explore? Three Gs…
a. Gold – to get rich
b. God – to spread Christianity
c. Glory – to become famous
4. Main goals of European Exploration from monarchs’
perspective
a. Have missionaries spread Christianity
(Missionary: people sent to convert the native people to
Christianity)
b. Expand their empires
c. Gain riches
5. Mercantilism – economic system where Europeans enriched
their treasuries
a. Colonies provided raw materials and served as a market
for goods
b. Home Country manufactures goods for colonies
F. Europeans Explore New Lands
1. Amerigo Vespucci
a. Italian Sailor, in 1501 set out to find sea route to Asia
like Columbus
II.
b. Realized Columbus was wrong; “America” is named
after him
2. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
a. Reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513
b. Claimed the ocean and all around it for Spain
3. Ferdinand Magellan
a. His crew circumnavigated the globe between 1519 and
1522
b. Magellan died in the Philippines
c. First ever to sail around the world
Conquering the Americas
A. The Invasion of Mexico
1. Hernando Cortes landed on Mexico’s coast with 508
conquistadors in 1519
2. Conquistador: Spanish soldier and conqueror
3. Montezuma II (emperor of Aztecs) thought Cortes was a god
and sent him gifts
4. Cortes marched inland and formed alliances with native
people who hated Aztec rule
5. Alliances: people or nations involved in a pact or treaty
6. Cortes took Montezuma captive in the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan, but was later attacked
7. Smallpox outbreak killed many natives
8. Cortes eventually conquers Tenochtitlan and the Aztecs
B. The Inca Empire Falls
1. Incas lived in Peru in the Andes mountains (2000 mile long
territory)
2. Possessed much gold and silver
3. Francisco Pizarro led 180 men to Peru in 1531 to conquer it
4. Pizarro captured Incan emperor Atahualpa and ransomed him
for much gold and silver, but killed him anyway
5. Inca Empire collapsed without their leader
6. How did Aztec and Inca Empires fall to small groups of
conquistadors?
a. Spanish weakened them by making alliances with their
enemies
b. European diseases killed millions of Native Americans
c. Spanish acted brutally toward Native Americans
Section 2 – European Competition in North America
Guiding Chapter Essential Question:
How did Europeans transform life in the Americas?
Essential Question:
3. What drew European explorers to North America?
4. How did the French and Dutch profit from the Americas?
III.
The Race to Explore North America
A. Seeking a Quick Route to Wealth
1. Other European nations wanted to obtain riches from the
Americas just like Spain did
2. European countries hoped to find a westward route to Asia.
3. Northwest Passage: water route through North America to
Asia
4. John Cabot - Italian
a. In 1497, he crossed the Atlantic to explore for England
b. Discovered Newfoundland, Canada
c. Grand Banks – rich fishing area found by Cabot
5. Giovanni da Verrazzano - Italian
a. Sailed for France in 1524
b. Tried to find Northwest passage; failed
6. Jacques Cartier – French
a. Tried to find Northwest Passage between 1534 and 1536
b. Sailed up St. Lawrence, but didn’t find NW Passage
B. Spain Responds to Competition
1. Spain claimed North America under Treaty of Tordesillas
2. Religious conflicts heightened Spain’s anger at France &
England
3. Spanish explorers – Cabeza de Vaca, Vazquez de Coronado,
Hernando de Soto, Rodriguez Cabrillo; all failed to find
golden cities as in Central America
4. Florida – 1564
a. France established Fort Carolina (by French Protestants)
b. Spain built St. Augustine nearby and massacres French
settlers
C. Spain and England Clash
1. Queen Elizabeth I (Protestant) challenged Catholic Spain’s
power at sea
IV.
2. Sea dogs – English “pirates” who preyed on Spanish ships
3. Galleons – bulky Spanish ships that brought gold and silver
from the Americas
4. 1577 – Sir Francis Drake (famous sea dog) began three-year
voyage around the world while raiding Spanish ports in South
America
D. England Defeats Spain
1. Spain launched the Spanish Armada to conquer England and
restore Catholicism there
2. Spanish Armada – 1588, large fleet of 130 sailing ships and
close to 30,000 sailors, soldiers, and priests
3. England & Spain’s fleets met in English Channel
4. England defeats Spain using smaller, faster, better armed
ships
5. Effects of England’s victory
a. England remained Protestant and proved it could defend
itself
b. World saw that Spain could be beaten
The French and Dutch Establish Colonies
A. New France is Founded
1. Samuel de Champlain – French explorer
2. 1608, founded fur-trading post at Quebec; first permanent
French settlement in Canada
3. New France – first permanent French colony in North
America
4. French developed friendlier relationships with Native
Americans than British
a. Relied on natives to do animal trapping
b. Inter-married with natives
c. Military alliances with many native tribes
B. The Dutch Establish New Netherlands
1. New Netherlands – first permanent Dutch colony in North
America; located along Hudson River in New York
2. Henry Hudson
a. Explored for the Netherlands: discovered Hudson River
b. Explored for England: discovered Hudson Bay
3. New Amsterdam – on Manhattan Island; thrived from fur
trade (site of present-day New York City)
Section 3 – The Spanish & Native Americans
Guiding Chapter Essential Question:
How did Europeans transform life in the Americas?
Essential Question:
5. How did Spain draw wealth from its new lands?
6. How did the Church contribute to colonization?
7. What were the effects of the Columbian Exchange?
V.
Spanish Colonies in the Americas
A. Organizing the Empire
1. Spanish Empire grew rapidly and needed to establish an
effective colonial government
2. Spain divided its lands into two provinces called New Spain
and Peru
a. Two provinces were viceroyalties
b. Viceroy – ruled a viceroyalty in the king’s name
3. Spain built new roads from Mexico City and Lima
a. Roads could quickly transport soldiers
b. Quicker transportation of goods
4. Social Order:
a. Spanish-born colonists: held most power
b. Creoles: people of Spanish descent who were born in
the colonies; just below Spanish
c. Mestizo: people of mixed Spanish and Native American
ancestry
d. Native Americans & enslaved Africans: had fewest
rights of anybody
B. Making the Colonies Productive
1. Encomiendas: grants of forced Native American labor;
helped the Spanish colonies become more productive
2. Haciendas: large farms estates used to grow food or cash
crops
3. Plantation: large farms that raised cash crops (Native
Americans worked here, too); crops were exported to Europe
4. Export: to send abroad for sale or trade
5. Sugar becomes the most important crop for Spain
a. Columbus brought it to New World in 1493
b. Plantations required the encomiendas system to thrive,
but many natives died from the labor
VI. The Church in the Spanish Colonies
A. The Church Sets Up Missions
1. Spanish monarchs wanted to convert natives and make them
into tax-paying subjects
2. Mission: settlements that included a church, a town, and
farmlands which intended to convert the Native Americans to
Christianity
a. Offered Native Americans protection against enemies
b. Place to learn how to read and write (like a school)
c. Taught them farming and artisan skills
d. Many Native Americans rebelled and killed missionaries
or destroyed churches (treated like slaves)
B. Las Casas Condemns Abuse
1. Most natives were treated horribly by the Spanish
2. Bartolome de Las Casas: Spanish priest & conquistador
a. Received an encomienda, but did not want it
b. 1514-1564, he fought for Native American rights
c. earned title “Protector of the Indians”
3. New Laws:
a. Passed because of Las Casas’s efforts
b. Ordered the gradual freeing of all enslaved Native
Americans
c. Eventually much of this reversed from Spanish colonists
protesting against it
VII. The Columbian Exchange – transfer of plants, animals and diseases
between the Western and Eastern hemispheres
A. Trade Brings Disease
1. Native Americans had no immunity to diseases such as
smallpox, measles, and influenza
2. Millions died (90-95% of natives died in Central America
between 1519 and 1619)
B. Positive Effects of the Exchange
1. Old World contributions: grapes, onions, wheat, cattle, pigs,
horses
2. New World contributions: potatoes, corn, cacao bean, turkey
European Exploration of the Americas
1492-1650
Section 4 – Beginnings of Slavery in the Americas
Guiding Chapter Essential Question:
How did Europeans transform life in the Americas?
Essential Question:
8. How did slavery bring wealth to Europeans but suffering to millions of
Africans and Native Americans?
9. What were the long-term effects of slavery in the Americas?
VIII. Slavery Takes Hold in the Colonies
A. Origins of American Slavery
1. Slavery: practice of being owned by another; work, no pay
2. Slavery has existed for thousands of years in various forms
3. African slaves first used in sugar plantations on islands in the
eastern Atlantic by Spanish & Portuguese
4. Spanish & Portuguese brought slavery with them to their new
colonies
a. Tried Native Americans, but they died from overwork
and disease
b. Not enough Spanish slaves, black Christian slaves, or
Asian slaves for labor
B. The Slave Trade
1. Why did the Spanish & Portuguese enslave Africans?
a. Africans were resistant to most European diseases
b. No friends or family in the Americas to help them resist
or escape enslavement
c. Permanent source of cheap labor since children could be
held in bondage
d. Many Africans had worked on farms in their native lands
2. European slave traders brought manufactured goods to Africa
while the African kings traded captives for these goods
3. By late 1800s, 12-15 million Africans had been shipped to the
New World
C. The Middle Passage
1. Middle Passage: middle leg of the triangular trade
IX.
2. Triangular Trade: movement of trade ships between Europe,
Africa, and the Americas
3. Olaudah Equiano:
a. Sold into slavery at 11 years old
b. Made the Middle Passage in the 1700s
c. Several hundred slaves were crammed into spaces so
small they couldn’t stand up
d. Foul smells, disease dying slaves during trip
e. Many slave died from cruel treatment or suicide
Slavery in the Americas
A. Slaves had to work in haciendas or mines; poor food & homes
B. The Slave Codes
1. Slaves often ran away
2. Maroons: runaway or fugitive slave; often formed
communities with the Native Americans
3. Slave Codes: laws to regulate the treatment of slaves
a. Softened the conditions of slavery
b. Designed to punish slaves and keep them in bondage
4. Europeans began to associate slavery with black Africans
5. Racism: the belief that people are inferior because of their
race
6. Slave trade became part of the Columbian exchange
a. Africans brought farming and livestock knowledge to the
Americas
b. American crops (sweet potatoes, chilies) came to Africa
C. An African Heritage
1. Combined Africans from different parts of Africa and helped
to create a common African-based culture in the Americas
2. All American colonies of European countries had slaves by
1700s; African culture will shape life in the American
colonies