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THE RISE OF EUROPE 500 - 1450 EARLY EUROPE 400-700 The Roman Empire had disintegrated. Constant invasions and war. Invaders include the Vikings, the Magyars, & Germanic tribes. These Germanic tribes carve up Europe into small kingdoms. The strongest of the Germanic tribes were the Franks. . 500-1000 Europe is cut off from the rest of the world. Populations decreased & towns emptied Trade ended Learning stopped Fear of Islam KING CLOVIS OF THE FRANKS 466-511 Clovis is hot tempered but a brilliant leader. Marries & converts to Christianity. Conquers former Roman province of Gaul. Gains a powerful ally in the Roman Catholic Church. Charles the Great (742-814), a warrior king, better known as Charlemagne, was crowned emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day, 800 by Pope Leo III. This led to unification of the empire. CHARLEMAGNE (CHARLES THE GREAT) BLENDS ROMAN, GERMAN & CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS Creates a united Christian Europe. Appoints powerful nobles to rule local regions. He gave them land for soldiers. Missi Dominici check roads, hear grievances & insure justice. Aachen =second Rome Revived Latin Promotes learning & education (he is illiterate). Strong efficient government Forced those whom he conquered to become Christians FEUDALISM & MANORIALISM NINTH CENTURY • Manorialism: economic ties between lords and peasants. • Feudalism: political ties between lords and other lords FEUDAL INSTITUTIONS ORIGINS IN INSECURITY Feudal is a political institution. The King Lords or vassals Lesser lords Knights Serfs BLUEPRINT OF THE MANOR SYSTEM Beneficium the latin word for benefit . Benefice - A gift of land granted for services rendered Beneficial Economic system Relationship between Lord & Peasant Peasants or Serfs are bound to the land Peasants paid fees to Lords: to marry, inherit land, use the mill, General did not pay with money but with produce. AND HOW DOES A BENEFICE APPLY TO FEUDALISM & MANORIALISM? Lords owned large estates of land called fiefs and divided into fiefdoms. Vassals promised loyalty and service to lords. A lord protected his vassals. Serfs farmed the land. Serfs also built & maintained roads as service to the lord. The lord protected his serfs from invaders. FEUDAL SYSTEM • Unintentionally nurtured urban rebirth •Prosperity in agriculture= rise in rural pop= more people moving to urban areas for new opportunity •Reactivation of trade. NOBLEWOMEN Active role in warrior society The “Lady” became lord of the manor in her father or husband’s absence. Supervised vassals Managed the household Chivalry was a code of conduct adopted by knights in the late middle ages. It included ideals like bravery, honor, loyalty generosity to fellow knights and raised women to a new status. Who were history’s most famous & best known knights? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOqlV4Le9Tk&feature=related ….AND SOME LESSER FAMOUS KNIGHTS. http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=2e Mkth8FWno THE TROUBADOUR Was a wandering poet & singer who praised the perfection, beauty and wit of women . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pa5sSaY1Nek&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzwQUPDfLPA CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES Rome falls & the church splits eastern (Byzantine Eastern Orthodox) & western (Roman Catholic) Influence is both spiritual & secular. Medieval Christrians believed all people were sinners. Avoid hell by taking part in the sacrament Church had absolute power because it decided who could take part in the sacraments. Canon Law = church laws. Excommunication not allowed to receive the sacrament. This is the medieval version of the express route to hell. Interdict excluded entire towns or regions from receiving the sacrament Bath Abbey THE CHURCH & VILLAGE LIFE Children were baptized Marriages performed Church was a social center Some churches ran schools Tithe a tax levied on all Christians. 1/10th of their income. Anti-Semitism prejudice directed at Jews. Jews were blamed for the death of Christ. Disease & famine Blamed for economic hardships Jews moved to Eastern Europe to avoid persecution. MONKS & NUNS Provided social services setting up housing, hospitals & schools for the poor. Alms to the poor Missionaries Some learning preserved copying famous works. REFORM MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE Church becomes rich & powerful. Some clergy become more worldly and live in luxury. Some ignore their vows. Reformers try to make changes by making the church more nonsecular. Stopped the selling positions in the church. CHURCH New Technologies Iron ploughs, Windmills, Harness & horses Advances lead to more food = more people Rising populations demanded more food. Peasant farmers needed more tools not available on the Manors Trade reappeared to meet demands. More trade meant changes in business practices. New professions Middle Class Trading towns A CHANGING SOCIETY Charters were granted by Kings or lords to merchants to establish protected business rights for an annual fee. These charters came with a certain degree of local self rule. The need for new capital to expand & create new businesses gave rise to banks & banking systems. By 1300 serfs were now tenant farmers selling products at the market to pay their lords who now wanted cash. CHANGING SOCIETY CONTINUES… Nobility & Clergy clash with the new middle class. The issue usury. Usury lending of money at interest was seen as immoral. Guilds or merchant associations form. Guilds protect a particular business interest. Bakers, weavers, brewers, etc. WHICH GUILDS ARE REPRESENTED? HOW DID THE GUILD WORK? Apprentice 7 years bed & board Journeyman salaried workers Master craftsman There were women’s guilds too!