Download CHAPTER 15: The Muslim Empires

CHAPTER 15:
The Muslim Empires
SECTION ONE
The BIG Idea:
COMPETITION AMONG COUNTRIES
The Ottoman Empire grew
strong as it expanded its
borders.
RISE OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS
• In the late thirteenth
century a new group
of Turks called the
Ottomans under their
leader Osman began to
build power in the
northwest corner of the
Anatolian Peninsula.
RISE OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS
• The Turks under Osman became
known as the Ottoman dynasty and
began to expand into land that had
belonged to the Byzantine Empire.
• The Ottoman rulers built a strong
military by developing an elite guard
called janissaries.
THE LIFE OF A JANISSARY
• The janissaries were often
Christians who were recruited and
then converted to Islam.
• The janissaries
were foot
soldiers who
were trained with
fire arms.
• Because of their mastery of fire
arms, the Ottomans were able to
gain more land, invading the Balkans
and Bulgaria by 1390.
• Over the next 300 years, the
Ottoman rule expanded to Western
Asia, Northern Africa and Europe.
• The Ottoman empire was known as
a “gunpowder empire” because it
unified the regions that it conquered.
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• Under the leadership of Mehmed II,
the Ottomans surrounded
Constantinople (the capital of the
Byzantine Empire) and attacked in
1453, using cannons to launch 1,200
pound stones at the city.
• The battle lasted two months, but
eventually the Ottomans took the city.
THE OTTOMAN WORLD
• Religion
• Like Many people of the Anatolian
Peninsula, the Ottomans were Sunni
Muslims.
• Leadership
• At the head of the Ottoman system
was the sultan, who was the supreme
authority in both a political and
religious sense.
• Ottoman sultans also claimed to be
the Sunni caliph (successor to
Muhamed) but they often gave their
religious duties to advisors known as
ulema, who also ran the legal system.
• The position of sultan was passed
from father to son, but not necessarily
the oldest son, which often caused
struggles for power and the losers
were often executed.
THE IMPEREAL SULTANS
• As the Ottoman empire expanded,
the Sultan became more like a king,
and was surrounded by more
advisors. This meant that the sultan
was increasingly isolated from his
people.
• The Topkapi Palace in İstanbul (the
new name for Constantinople) was
the center of the sultan’s power.
THE IMPEREAL SULTANS
• The sultans private domain was
called the harem where the sultan
and his wives lived. The sultan often
chose four wives as his favorites.
• The sultans chief minister was known
as the grand vizier, and who led the
meetings of government while sultan
sat behind a screen communicating
only with the grand vizier.
THE IMPEREAL SULTANS
• The Ottoman empire was divided
into provinces and districts each
governed by officials and aided by
bureaucrats who were trained at a
special school in İstanbul.
• One of the types of bureaucrats
was the pasha who was in charge
of collecting taxes and maintain law
and order.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
• Ottoman sultans were great patrons of
the arts.
• Like earlier Muslim cultures, the
greatest contributions of Ottoman art
were in the field of Architecture,
especially its mosques which often
incorporated elements of design from
the Christian churches from İstanbul's
former life as Constantinople.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
• The greatest Ottoman architect
was Sinan, who is remembered
for building 81 mosques.
• Each of his mosques was topped
with a large domed roof and the
main building was often
surrounded by four minarets, or
four towers.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE
• Selimiye Mosque, built by Sinan in 1575.
SOCIETY AND THE ROLE OF WOMEN
• Women in the Ottoman empire,
although technically subject to the
same restrictions as in other Muslim
societies, were often in a better
position.
• Ottoman women could own property,
could not be forced into marriage
and in some cases served as senior
government officials like governors.
PROBLEMS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• The Ottoman Empire reached its
high point under Süleyman I.
• Unfortunately Süleyman executed
his two most able sons on suspicions
of treason, his only remaining son
Selim II to become sultan. This was
the beginning of many problems for
the Ottoman empire.
• Beginning with Selim II, many
problems arose:
• Sultans became less involved,
and training of officials declined.
• Jobs went to the sons and
daughters of the elite and a
privileged group emerged.
• Constant wars depleted the
imperial treasury.
PROBLEMS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• As a result of all of the internal
problems of the Ottoman Empire, the
Ottomans were never able to gain
any land in Europe after 1683 when
an attempt to conquer Austria and
Hungary was unsuccessful.
• The Ottomans were never a threat in
Europe again
FOCUS QUESTION – Chapter 15.1
• How could new weapons technology
affect an empire’s growth?
?
CHAPTER 15:
The Muslim Empires
SECTION TWO
The BIG Idea:
IDEAS, BELIEFS AND VALUES
The Şafavids used their faith
as a unifying force.
The Şafavids Empire
• Since the 1300’s Persia had fallen
into Anarchy, and not until the
1500’s did a new dynasty known
as the Şafavids arise.
• Unlike many of their Islamic
neighbors, the Şafavids were
strict Shia Muslims.
The Şafavid Empire
• The Şafavid dynasty was founded
by Shāh Esmā’īl.
• Although he was just a teenager
Shāh Esmā’īl used his forces to
seize much of present day Iran
and Iraq.
• When he took this land he called
himself shah, which means “king.”
The Şafavid Empire
• After gaining power Shāh Esmā’īl,
sent preachers into the Ottoman
Empire trying to convert people
from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam.
• His attempt to convert Turks in
Ottoman lands led to a long period
of back and forth battles between
the Ottomans and the Şafavids.
• As a result of the ongoing battles
between the Sunni Ottoman
Empire and the Shia Şafavid
Empire, anytime the Şafavids
conquered new land they forced
to convert to the Shia faith.
• Many Sunnis were either killed or
exiled, but for those who
remained the Shia faith became a
unifying force.
Glory and Decline
• Under Shāh ‘Abbās who ruled from
1588 to 1629, the Şafavids reached
the high point of their glory. He
achieved this glory by doing several
things.
• Shāh ‘Abbās was responsible for
the highpoint of Şafavid glory
because:
• He strengthened the army by
giving them the latest weapons,
which allowed them to take back
Azerbaijan (the Şafavid homeland.)
• He allowed more intellectual
freedom in the Şafavid Empire.
FOCUS QUESTION – Chapter 15.2
• What factors help to unify an
empire?
?