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Flowering Cone-bearing plants plants Ferns and Flowers; Seeds their relatives Mosses and Enclosed in Fruit their relatives Seeds Plants Chapters 22-25 Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor *FYI: GREEN ALGAE is believed by most scientists to be the ancient ancestor of land plants What three characteristics do they share in common? What is a PLANT? • • • • • Members of Kingdom Plantae Multicellular eukaryotes Cell walls made of cellulose Undergo photosynthesis (autotrophic) Include trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses, and ferns Plant Requirements • Sunlight (energy to carry out photosynthesis) • Water (must have water in all cells; important for photosynthesis) • Movement of Water and Nutrients (water and minerals taken up through roots/ food made in leaves) • Minerals (needed for growth and development) • Gas Exchange (require CO2,carbon dioxide, for photosynthesis and require O2 oxygen for respiration) Problems plants had adapting to life on land: • • • • 1) Preventing WATER LOSS. 2) Obtaining enough FOOD and WATER. 3) Dealing with WIND and WEATHER. 4) Exposed GAMETES and EMBRYOS. *FYI: The first plants are believed to have been spore producing plants, MOSSES AND FERNS FERN MOSS GREEN ALGAE Early Plants • Origins – Evolved from plant-like protists (algae) – Many plants evolved from water-dependent plants that only lived in watery environments • *MOSSES (BYROPHYTA) & FERNS (PTEROPHYTA) will always be found near water or in very moist areas, because the sperm, found in spores, need a film of water in order to Attach to the egg, which also are found in spores Spores from mosses and ferns contain SPERM OR EGG Section 22-2 MEIOSIS Antheridia = sperm Spores (N) Protonema (young gametophyte) (N) Male gametophyte Female gametophyte Mature sporophyte (2N) Archegonia = egg Capsule Antheridia (sporangium) Gametophyte (N) Young sporophyte (2N) Sperm (N) Archegonia Zygote (2N) Gametophyte (N) Sperm (N) Egg (N) FERTILIZATION Go to Section: Figure 22–11 The Life Cycle of a Moss *FYI: Plants are sometimes grouped together based upon common characteristics… • 1st) Are they SPORE producing or SEED producing? • 2nd) Are they VASCULAR OR NONVASCULAR – *VASCULAR (plants that have vascular tissues that transport water up and food down their stems). – *NON-VASCULAR (plants do not have vascular tissues OR stems). Simple vs. Vascular & Complex Plants • The plant kingdom include complex plants, vascular plants, and simple plants that are not vascular. • Vascular plants have vascular tissue: tubes that carry water and nutrients throughout the plant. The simple plants do not have vascular tissue. Simple plants are unusually small. • *FYI: MOSSES are the only nonvascular plants on earth! Kingdom Plantae • There are 4 Divisions (aka, phyla) you need to know… • 1) BRYOPHYA (aka, MOSSES) • 2) PTEROPHYTA (aka, FERNS) • 3) CONIFEROPHYTA (aka, CONIFERS or GYMNOSPERMS) • 4) ANTHOPHYTA (aka, FLOWERING PLANTS or ANGIOSPERMS) 4 Phylums • • • • Section 22-1 1. Mosses and their relatives 2. Ferns and their relatives 3. Cone-bearing plants 4. Flowering plants Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor Go to Section: Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Bryophytes - Mosses • Most common • Grow in swamps, near streams and in tropical rain forests • Tolerate low temps • Miniature evergreen trees small carpet like filaments Bryophytes - Mosses • • • • Depend on water for reproduction Lack vascular tissue Draw up water via osmosis Include the following phyla: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Bryophyte Structure Capsule Stalk Sporophyte Stem-like structure Gametophyte Leaf-like structure Life Cycle of Bryophytes • The gametophyte is dominant and the photosynthetic stage • Must have water for fertilization to occur (sperm must swim to egg) • Mosses make up part of the bryophytes (nonvascular plants. They live in moist shady places and need little soil. There are separate male and female moss plants.) • The Zygote generation in mosses grows on top of the female plant. It produces spores from a capsule at the top. • Mosses are important to the soil. They make new soil by breaking down rock. Sphagnum moss is an important fertilizer and sometimes used as fuel. Sphagnum Moss • Can accumulate to form peat moss that can be used in gardening. •It helps the soil retain water. •Peat also has a low pH, so it can add to the soil’s acidity. • Plants like azaleas, grow well only if they are in this type of soil. Liverworts • Liverworts are flat, scaly bryophytes. The liverwort alternation of generations is similar to that of mosses. Sometimes they reproduce by a combination of budding and regeneration. • Named due to the shape of the leaves • Produce sexually and asexually Hornworts • Found in damp soil • Look like liverworts but smaller *Basic characteristics of plants: • • • • 1) MULTICELLULAR 2) EUKARYOTIC (HAVE ORGANELLES) 3) AUTOTROPHS 4) CELL WALLS CONTAIN CELLULOSE *Plants have organs… • 1) Leaves- trap SUNLIGHT for PHOTOSYNTHESIS Food (i.e., glucose) is made here and transported to the rest of the plant. • 2) Stems- support UPRIGHT growth, transport WATER up from the roots through a special kind of vascular tissue called XYLEM, and FOOD down to the rest of the plant through another kind of vascular tissue called PHLOEM Gas in…. CO2 O2 and H Og 2 …. Gases OUT *FYI: the evolution of vascular tissue allowed plants to grow big and tall and live away from WATER. • 3) Roots- ANCHOR the plant to the ground, ABSORB water and minerals, and sometimes STORE excess sugar as starch. • 4) Flowers- REPRODUCTION organs for angiosperms • 5) Cones- REPRODUCTIVE organs for gymnosperms. Nitrogen Fixation • *FYI: Plants need NITROGEN to live, but cannot use the N2(g) in the atmosphere as it is. So, they have evolved a symbiotic relationship With BACTERIA which “fix” the nitrogen for plants and turn it into nitrates through a process called… NITRIFICATION. *Environmental factors that affect plants: • 1) Light (aka, PHOTOTROPISM) • 2) Gravity (aka, GRAVITROPISM) • 3) Winter - Plants become inactive (aka, DORMANT) • *FYI: POSITIVE tropism means that the plant grows toward or with the environmental factor. NEGATIVE tropism means that the plant grows away from the environmental factor. • END OF FIRST TWO PAGES OF PLANT BOOK The Plant Life Cycle • Characterized by alternation of generations • One generation is gametophyte (haploid) • Other is sporophyte (diploid) Alternation of Generations Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS Gametophyte Plant (N) Sporophyte Plant (2N) FERTILIZATION Tracheophytes • Tracheophytes include all of the vascular plants. The tracheophytes include ferns and seed plants. Ferns and seed plant have vascular tissue and roots, stems, and leaves. What are Vascular Plants? Plants with Vascular Tissue • Vascular Tissue move fluids through the plant body – 1. Xylem– carries water from the root to the other parts of the plant – 2. Phloem – transports nutrients and carbohydrates made by photosynthesis Seedless Vascular Plants • • • • Have roots, leaves, and stems Reproduce by Spores INCLUDES: Club Mosses- small plants that live in moist woodlands • Horsetails – have wispy leaves • Ferns – thrive in areas with little light and much water Seed Plants • Seed plants are different form all simple plants, algae, mosses, and ferns because they make seeds. A seed contains a tiny new plant and food supply. There are two kinds of seed plants. • Reproduce without water • Please hand out notes nd 2 part of Seed plants • Two groups: – 1. Gymnosperms • Bear seeds on surface of cones – 2. Angiosperms • Flowering plants (seeds deep inside for protection) Pollen • Male gametophyte • Carried by wind, insects, birds, small animals, and bats • Transfer of pollen to the female gametophyte is called pollination Gymnosperms Cone-Bearing Plants – Conifers • Cone-bearing gymnosperms are conifers. • Conifers have needles for leaves • and are called “evergreens” because they stay green with needles all their life. • Conifers produce spores in both male and female cones. Examples of Gymnosperms • • • • Gnetophytes Cycads Ginkgoes Conifers Angiosperms • • • • Unique reproductive organs (flowers) Flowers contain ovaries (protect the seed) Fruit (tissue that surrounds the seed) Very diverse group which includes: – monocots and dicots – Woody and herbacious plants – Annuals, biennials, perennials Monocots and Dicots • Named for number of seed leaves (cotyledons) in the plant embryo • Monocots one seed leaf – Ex. Corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, and palms • Dicots two seed leaf – Ex. Roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, and daisies Woody and Herbaceous Plants • Based on the stems • Woody plants include trees, shrubs, and vines • Herbaceous plants include dandelions, zinnias, petunias, and sunflowers Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials • Annuals life cycle in one year – Ex. Pansies • Biennials complete life cycle in two years – Ex. Foxglove • Perennials live for more than two years – Ex. Azaleas Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves Monocot Seed Single cotyledon Dicot Two cotyledon Leaves Parallel veins Branch veins Flower parts in multiples 0f 3 Parts in multiples of 4 or 5 stems Roots Vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem Fibrous Roots Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Taproot Structure of Seed Plants • Three principal structures: – 1. Roots • Anchor plant & Absorb water and nutrients – 2. Stems • Supports plant body & Transports nutrients – 3. Leaves • Part where photosynthesis occurs • Pores in leaves control gas exchange Tissue Systems • Four types: – 1. Dermal Tissue • Outer most layer • Like the “SKIN” – 2. Vascular Tissue • Transport of water and minerals • Like the “BLOOD STREAM” – 3. Ground Tissue • Everything else – 4. Meristematic Tissue • At the tips of shoots and roots Leaves • Designed for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis • Two types of leaves: – 1. Simple (one leaf) – 2. Compound (many leaflets) Leaf Functions • Photosynthesis – mesophyll layer is composed of many chloroplasts – Palisade mesophyll – absorb the light – Spongy mesophyll – air spaces that connect the stomata with outside – Stomata – pore-like openings on the underside of a leaf to absorb carbon dioxide • Transpiration – Loss of water from a plant through leaves • Gas Exchange – Stomata remains open enough just to allow photosynthesis to take place Chapter 24 Reproduction in Seed Plants Pin oak Dandelion Eastern white pine With Cones and Flowers • Alternation of Generations • Gymnosperms: – Reproduction occurs in cones • Two types: – 1. Pollen Cones – produce male gametophytes called pollen grains – 2. Seed Cones- produce female gametophytes (ovules) Flowers • Composed of 4 kinds of specialized leaves: – 1. Sepals • Outermost • Green and look like little leaves • Enclose bud before it opens – 2. Petals • Often brightly colored • Attract insects and pollinators • Also called sterile leaves because no reproductive part Flowers (continued ) • 3. Stamens – Male parts – Consist of the anther (where meiosis takes place) and filament (supports anther) • 4. Pistil (aka carpel) – Inner floral part – Each carpel has a broad base forming the ovary Fruits • As angiosperms mature, the ovary walls will thicken to form a fruit • ex. Apples • May be fleshy, tough, may have a pit (where seed is attached to ovary) Chapter 25 – Plant Responses and Adaptations 25-1 Plant Growth • Plant cells send signals to one another to indicate –when to divide, –when not to divide, –and when to develop into a new kind of cell. Meristems – • Regions of tissue that can produce cells to later develop into specialized tissues (Found at growing stems and roots) Plant Hormones • Plant hormones control the plant’s growth and responses to environmental conditions. • Auxins – substances regulate cell growth at the tip of plant by stimulating cell elongation. Figure 25-2 Hormone Action on Plants Section 25-1 Hormone-producing cells Movement of hormone Target cells Phototrophism • – tendency of a plant to grow towards light • auxins build up on the shaded side of the plant Gravitropism • tendency of a plant to grow in a direction in response to gravity • Auxins build up on the lower sides of the roots and stems • Stems grow up (cell elongation) • Roots grow down (inhibit cell growth & elongation) Cytokinins • – Produced in growing roots and developing fruits and seeds. • Stimulate cell division, growth of lateral buds, and cause dormant seeds to sprout. • Instead of cell elongation, cells grow thicker. Gibberellins • Growth promoting substance produced by a fungus or the plant • dramatic increase in size (stems and fruits) Ethylene • In response to auxins fruit tissues release small amounts of hormone • Stimulate fruits to open. 25-2 Plant Responses • Tropisms – responses of plants to environmental stimuli • Gravitropism – response of plant to gravity – Ex. Shoot of germinating seed to grow out of the soil and roots to grow into soil. • Phototrophism – grow toward a light source. • Thigmotropism – responses of plant to touch can stunt growth – Ex. Growth of vines and climbing plants to wrap around things. Photoperiodism • Plants respond to periods of light and dark. • Responsible for timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth. • Short-day vs. Long-day Plants – Flowering times Short-day vs. Long-day Plants – Flowering times Short-Day Plant Midnight Noon Long Day Midnight Noon Short Day Midnight Noon Interrupted Night Long-Day Plant Winter Dormancy • – growth and activity decreases or stops 25-3 Plant Adaptations Aquatic Plants • Tissues with large air filled spaces for oxygen diffusion Salt-Tolerant • Special tissues to pump out salt onto leaf surfaces, washed away by Rain Desert Plants (Xerophytes) • – Extensive roots, reduced leaves, & thick stems stores water. Nutrition Specialists • Live in areas with low concentrations of nutrients in the soil. • Ex. Carnivorous plants (Venus Fly Trap) • Parasites (Mistletoe) Epiphytes • Grow directly on other plants to obtain their nutrients Ex. Spanish Moss Chemical Defenses • manufactured by the plant itself to protect it from insects. Compare/Contrast Table Section 25-3 Comparing Carnivorous Plants, Epiphytes, and Parasites Characteristics Carnivorous Plants Epiphytes Parasites Environment bog host plant host plant Method of obtaining nutrients leaves that trap gather moisture and digest insects from rainfall and produce their own food extract moisture and nutrients from host plant Examples pitcher plant, sundew, Venus’ flytrap dodder, mistletoe Spanish moss, orchid Plant Quiz Review E A F B G C H D I Label each part: Petal Sepal Stamen Anther Filament Pistil Stigma Style Ovary