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Transcript
Electron Orbitals Notes (on your template) Implication of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Link to Heisenberg and Probability The implication of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is that it is impossible to trace the exact trajectory (path) that an electron will follow. The more accurately the position of the electron is known, less accurately the momentum is known. De Broglie/ Schrodinger: Treating electron as a standing wave Only certain specific electron wavelengths will fit in the space occupied by the standing wave without destructive interference Since wavelength determines energy, restricted wavelengths means restricted energies Schrodinger converted the wave equations in orbital descriptions (probability maps) It is only possible to describe the probability of an electron being in a particular region of space at a particular time. Modern Quantum Theory CANNOT describe the exact path (orbit) of an electron. The Modern Wave Mechanical model describes a general area of SPACE where there is a HIGH PROBABILITY of finding an electron. Orbital: a region of space (3D) in which there is a high (90%) probability of locating an electron. Orbital ≠ Orbit Firefly Analogy for Electron Orbital Firefly’s position at different times in a dark room revealed by instantaneous flash HW 8-5, p. 334: #26,27,28 Capacity of an Orbital: Each orbital can hold a total (maximum) 2 electrons (1 pair). of ____ Types (or Shapes) of Orbitals: s Orbital Shape: spherical Number: 1 (per energy level) Types (or Shapes) of Orbitals: p Orbital Shape: peanut Number: 3 p (per energy level); levels 2-7 P-orbitals come as a set of 3 P –orbitals link s orbitals are found in every energy level; p orbitals are found in level 2 or higher orbitals Remember that the shape of an orbital does NOT represent a path of the electron! The shape is a 3D region of space in which the electron is free to move. Types (or Shapes) of Orbitals: d Orbital Shape: Daisy Number: 5 (per energy level); levels 3-7 D orbitals appear in level 3 or higher For test be able to draw s, p and d orbitals Types (or Shapes) of Orbitals: f Orbital (Do NOT have draw for test) Number: 7 (per energy level); levels 4-7 Electron orbitals and Energy Levels Connection between orbitals and Periodic Table Relationship between energy and size of orbital In general: The higher the energy level, the larger the average distance of the electron is from the nucleus. Higher Energy Level = Bigger Orbital (on average e- are farther from nucleus) High Energy Level = Bigger orbital Higher Energy Level = Bigger Orbital (on average e- are farther from nucleus) 2p orbital 3p orbital The 1s orbital is a sphere, centered around the nucleus (l = 0) once the 1s orbital is filled, once the 1s orbital is filled, the 2s orbital begins to fill around the 1s orbital once the 2s orbital is filled, the 2p orbitals begin to fill each 2p orbital intersects the 2s orbital and the 1s orbital each 2p orbital gets one electron before pairing begins once each 2p orbital is filled with a pair of electrons, then the 3s orbital gets the next two electrons the 3s electrons have a higher energy than 1s, 2s, or 2p electrons, so 3s electrons are generally found further from the nucleus than 1s, 2s, or 2p electrons