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The Growth of Civilizations Chapter 7-9 Study Guide Part A: Multiple Choice Julius Caesar came to power in Rome: A) as a member of Senate. B) because he had an army. C) by defeating Hannibal. D) when Cleopatra gave him her support. B) because he had an army. All these elements of Roman culture are a major influence in the world today EXCEPT their: A) alphabet. B) language. C) early religion. D) republican system of government. C) early religion. The Roman Republic became the Roman Empire when: A) the Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus. B) the Romans first expanded outside Italy. C) the First Triumvirate was established. D) the patricians took control of government. A) the Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus. Which was NOT a cause of the Roman Empire’s decline? A) government weaknesses. B) invasions by Germans. C) economic problems. D) the rise of Christianity. D) the rise of Christianity. Diocletian tried to slow the Roman Empire’s decline by: A) turning half of the empire over to a coemperor. B) giving land to invading barbarian tribes. C) expanding the size of the Senate. D) increasing the personal freedoms of Romans. A) turning half of the empire over to a co-emperor. Christianity gained popularity in the Roman Empire because: A) followers were allowed to continue worshipping. B) Jesus had pledged his loyalty to the emperor. C) it offered hope to people who were poor or suffering. D) its leaders sought the protection and support of wealthy Romans. C) it offered hope to people who were poor or suffering. Which statement does NOT describe the economy of the Roman Empire? A) A widespread trade network developed. B) Most Romans lived well, and few were truly poor. C) Farming the most important occupation. D) Slavery existed throughout the empire. B) Most Romans lived well, and few were truly poor. The conflict between Rome and Carthage was known as the: A) Pax Romana. B) Social War. C) Punic Wars. D) Conflict of the Orders. C) Punic Wars. One reason Roman leaders finally accepted Christianity is because the: A) Christians agreed to pay taxes. B) northern barbarian tribes adopted the faith. C) leaders feared Christianity less than Judaism. D) number of Christians grew too large to punish. D) number of Christians grew too large to punish. Struggles with the patricians during the early days of the republic gained the plebeians all of the following EXCEPT: A) the right to hold an important public office. B) the creation of written laws. C) control of the government. D) the right to join the army. C) control of the government. Which of the following does NOT describe most early African societies? A) They were nomadic. B) They were matrilineal. C) They were religious. D) They herded, farmed, or fished. A) They were nomadic. Which ancient African kingdom conquered part of Egypt and copied its culture by building pyramids? A) Aksum. B) Great Zimbabwe. C) Kush. D) Songhai. C) Kush. The two major natural regions of Sub-Saharan Africa are the: A) deserts and grasslands. B) grasslands and rain forest. C) deserts and rain forest. D) mountains and deserts. B) grasslands and rain forest. In most early African societies the farming was done by: A) women. B) men. C) children. D) slaves. A) women. All of the following peoples set up trading centers along the East African coast EXCEPT: A) Arabs. B) Ghanaians. C) Indonesians. D) Persians. B) Ghanaians. Which is NOT a reason that gold mining was important in the early African economies? A) West African kingdoms traded gold to obtain salt. B) The kingdoms of East Africa traded gold for needed salt, tools, and cloth. C) Rulers adorned themselves with gold to oversee ceremonies. D) Farmers used gold to buy more land so they could grow more crops. D) Farmers used gold to buy more land so they could grow more crops. Linguists are experts who: A) trace people’s ancestors. B) study languages. C) record oral traditions. D) study ancient civilizations. B) study languages. The center of learning in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1300s and 1400s was: A) Alexandria. B) Great Zimbabwe. C) Mogadishu. D) Timbuktu. D) Timbuktu. The strength and wealth of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai depended on: A) the support of the powerful rulers in Egypt and Arabia. B) large scale agriculture. C) control of the trade routes across the Sahara. D) adapting Egyptian culture to life in the rain forest. C) control of the trade routes across the Sahara. Aksum became a prosperous kingdom MAINLY because: A) trade routes from the A) trade routes from Red Sea into Egypt and Africa passed through it. B) it had a powerful king. C) it traded gemstones and ivory to Mediterranean kingdoms. D) Christianity became its official religion. the Red Sea into Egypt and Africa passed through it. The major crops grown by native North American people included: A) coffee and cocoa. B) potatoes and tomatoes. C) corn and beans. D) wheat and rice. C) corn and beans. Which two civilizations were NOT in existence at the same time? A) Inca and Aztec. B) Hopewell and Mississippian. C) Maya and Toltec. D) Mississippian and Inca. B) Hopewell and Mississippian. The mounds built by the Mississippians seem to have been for what purpose? A) religious. B) defense. C) trade. D) burial. A) religious. The two most advanced Native American civilizations were the: A) Hohokam and Aztec. B) Aztec and Maya. C) Maya and Inca. D) Aztec and Inca. C) Maya and Inca. Why did some peoples in the Pacific Northwest hold potlaches? A) to bury the dead. B) to sacrifice captives. C) to thank the gods for a good harvest. D) to give away their possessions. D) to give away their possessions. Which is NOT true of Plains peoples in AD 1400s? A) They hunted buffalo on foot and used the hides for clothing. B) European settlers pushed some peoples off their lands. C) Drought ended farming in some areas. D) Their main work animals were dogs. B) European settlers pushed some peoples off their lands. All the following peoples built pyramid-shaped buildings EXCEPT the: A) Inca. B) Aztec. C) Maya. D) Toltec. A) Inca. The reason farming developed more slowly in the Americas than elsewhere was that early Americans: A) never settled in towns. B) relied only on hunting to provide food. C) had no horses or plows. D) lived in areas where it was too cold to grow crops. C) had no horses or plows. Mayan religion was closely connected to: A) agriculture. B) medicine. C) science. D) warfare. A) agriculture. Scientists believe that the first people in the Americas: A) developed from hominids in the Mississippi valley. B) arrived from North and West Africa. C) sailed to South America from islands in Southeast Asia. D) migrated from Asia by crossing what is now the Bering Strait. D) migrated from Asia by crossing what is now the Bering Strait. Part B: Fill in the Blank Chapter 7 Name three characteristics of the Conflict of the Orders. Struggles of the people to win more rights; In the early republic, Romans were divided into Patricians and Plebeians; Patricians were powerful landowners; Plebeians were farmers and workers; Over time, Plebeians gained power through demands and strikes. Chapter 7 Name four characteristics of the Second Punic War. Began in 218 B.C.; In Spain, Hannibal assembled a huge Carthaginian army with soldiers, horses, and elephants; Hannibal had many victories; However, Hannibal did not have the equipment to attack cities; Ordered home when Rome threatened Carthage; In 202 B.C. Hannibal was defeated and Carthage paid money and gave colonies in Spain. Chapter 7 Name four characteristics of the Pax Romana period. “Roman Peace”; Period lasted for 200 years; Tiberius (14-37 A.D.); Caligula (37-41 A.D.) was murdered; Claudius (41-54 A.D.) was poisoned by his wife; Nero (54-68 A.D.) killed himself after fire swept through Rome. Chapter 7 Name three characteristics of Roman daily life. Rich enjoyed great luxuries; Rich citizens usually had a city home and a country home with running water and baths; Enjoyed recreation, leisure, banquets; The poor lived in multistory apartments with basic furniture; Food was scarce and included bread, cheese, and fruit. Chapter 7 Name three reasons for the spread of Christianity. Christianity increased as life in the empire became more difficult; Religion accepted rich and the poor; Promised hope and freedom; By 300s A.D., Roman law accepted Christianity as a religion. Chapter 8 Name four characteristics of African language. Bantu language is one of the largest languages in SubSaharan Africa; Language came long before writing; History and cultural development was passed from the study of oral traditions; Most poems, songs, and stories had moral lessons; Griots were trained speakers who memorized the stories of the village. Chapter 8 Name three pieces of evidence of cultural exchange in Africa. Xylophones in Africa were tuned similar to Indonesia; Language in Madagascar is similar to Indonesia; Banana crop is prevalent in Africa but native to Asia. Chapter 8 Name four characteristics of the kingdom of Kush. Thrived as an important corridor of trade; Gold, ivory, ebony, and ostrich feathers; Karmah emerged on the Nile in 1600 B.C.; Believed Kush may trace roots to Karmah; Maintained economic ties with Egypt. Chapter 8 Name three characteristics of the Swahili states. Spoke Swahili, a Bantu language with Arabic and Persian influences; Bound together by language and trade; Not a single ethnic group; City-states included Mogadishu, Pate, and Mombasa. Chapter 8 Name four characteristics about the kingdom of Mali. Followed the fall of Ghana; Occupied same territory; Reached its peak under ruler Mansa Musa; Reigned in early 1300s; Timbuktu became a leading center of learning; Disputes over successor weakened Mali. Chapter 9 Name three characteristics of the physical setting in the Americas. Stretch more than 9000 miles; Jagged mountains form along the West Coast (Rocky and Andes); Two rivers (Mississippi and Amazon); Amazon is second largest river in the world; Bering Strait separates from Asia. Chapter 9 Name three characteristics of the groups from the Great Plains. Area between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River; Hunted the buffalo; Before horses, they had to hunt on foot; Used all of the buffalo for food, clothing, etc.; Life changed in 1400 A.D. for the Plains people. Chapter 9 Name three characteristics of the groups from the Eastern Woodlands. Stretch from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico; Most sophisticated cultures developed in this region; Skilled artists; Had jewelry, tools, and weapons; Trade also connected these peoples with others. Chapter 9 Name four characteristics about the Aztec civilization. Wandering warriors; Conquered peoples paid taxes to Aztec rulers; Built pyramid-temples, marketplaces, and palaces for nobles; Borrowed from the cultures of others; Learned metalworking, pottery making, and weaving; Human sacrifices. Chapter 9 Name four characteristics of the Inca civilization. West coast of South America; “Children of the sun”; Built fortresses and irrigation systems; Had paved roads; Stored surplus food; Kept records by a series of knots on parallel strings. Part C: Essay Essay Question Describe the basic structure of government during the Roman Republic, including the main functions of each governing body and elected official. Essay Question Summarize Rome’s early policies on governing conquered peoples. Then describe the changes in those policies and explain how they weakened the empire. Essay Question The 200-year-period during which Roman armies expanded the Empire by conquering new lands and peoples is known as the Pax Romana. Translate this term and explain why it is, or is not, an appropriate label for this time span in Roman history. Essay Question What challenges did Africa’s geography present to communicating and trading with the peoples of the continent’s interior? Essay Question Explain the importance of gold in the kingdoms of East and West Africa. Essay Question Identify common factors present in the decline of the early African kingdoms and the later trading states of East and West Africa. Explain which factor seems to have been the most important in causing the collapse of early African kingdoms. Essay Question Briefly describe the types of societies that developed in the Southwest, Pacific Coast, Great Plains, and Eastern Woodlands culture areas of North America. Essay Question Explain how changes in climate affected early and later cultures in North America. Essay Question Compare and contrast the practices and policies of the Incas and Aztecs in controlling their empires. Then explain which group seemed the better rulers and why.