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AN AGE OF
EXPANSIONISM
Manifest Destiny
The Doctrine of Manifest
Destiny
 "Manifest destiny" first used in 1845
God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to
become stronger
 U.S. divinely ordained to encompass Mexico
and Canada
 Americans make new territories free and
democratic
 growing American population needs land

 Limits to American expansion undefined
Movement to the Far West
 American settlement reaches Pacific in
1830s and 1840s
 Settlement encroaches on lands claimed
by Mexico and England
Territorial Expansion by the
Mid-Nineteenth Century
The Texas Revolution
 1820s--Americans move into Texas
 "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican rule
 1829--Mexico tries abolishing slavery
 1835--armed rebellion breaks out
The Republic of Texas
 March, 1836--Texans declare independence
 April, 1836--Santa Anna defeated at San
Jacinto
 May, 1836--Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes
Texas' claim to territory (Mexico repudiates)
 Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers
 Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson
Texas Revolution
Western Trails
Tyler and Texas
 1841--John Tyler assumes presidency
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after William Henry Harrison’s death
Tyler breaks with Whigs
1844--Tyler negotiates annexation with
Texas for re-election campaign issue
Senate refuses to ratify
Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry
Clay
The Triumph of Polk and
Annexation
 Democrats nominate James K. Polk
 Polk runs on expansionist platform
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annexation of Texas for Southern vote
U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern
vote
 Polk wins, so Congress interprets his
election as mandate for expansion
 Texas annexed before Polk inaugurated
Mexican War
 Polk wanted to buy California, but tensions
prevented this
 California: gateway to Pacific
 Mexico’s still upset over Texas annexation
 Boundary dispute: Original boundary: Nueces
River; Texans claimed Rio Grande
 Polk honored boundary at Rio Grande
 Mexicans wanted all of Texas back
The Mexican-American War
Mexican War
 Polk sent John Slidell to buy California for
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$25 mil
Mexico refused
Polk ordered Gen Zachary Taylor to march
from Nueces R. to Rio Grande and
ordered naval forces to get ready
Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande
and attacked Am. Troops
Polk sent message to Congress War!
War with Mexico
 May 13, 1846--War on Mexico declared
 General Zachary Taylor wins campaign in
northern Mexico
 Colonel Stephen Kearney captured New
Mexico and joined John C. Frémont in
taking California by early 1847
 September, 1847--General Winfield Scott
occupies Mexico City
Mexican War opponents
 Some Whigs opposed war
 Thought US did not have a right to Texas
beyond Nueces River
 Some threatened to cut off supplies and
money
 Feared this was a slavery conspiracy
 E.g. Ralph Waldo Emerson: “Mexico will
poison us”
 Questioned if blood was spilled on Am.
Territory: i.e. Lincoln’s Spot Resolutions
Settlement of the MexicanAmerican War
 February, 1848--Treaty of Guadalupe
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Hidalgo
Rio Grande becomes southern border
California ceded to U.S. and NM, AZ, UT,
NV
Latin America started viewing US as
“Colossus of the North”
US forces gained war experience: prep for
CW
Most important effect:
 Mexican War stirred up the slavery
issue in Congress led to CW
 Would the new territory be open to
slavery?
 How to decide?
 Abolitionists saw Mexican conflict as
conspiracy of the “slaveocracy” and
cited the Ostend Manifesto and Oregon
settlement as further examples
Northwest Boundary Dispute
Polk and the Oregon Question
 1846--Polk notifies Great Britain that the
U.S. no longer accepts joint occupation
 England prepares for war, proposes
division of the area
 Senate approves division of Oregon along
49o north latitude, Treaty of 1846
The Problem of Slavery in the
Mexican Cession
 Congressional power over slavery
includes
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setting conditions to make territories states
forbidding slavery in new states
 Mexican Cession of 1848 puts status of
slavery in new territory into question
Wilmot Proviso
 Slavery should never exist in any
of the territories gained from
Mexico
 Twice passed House, but not
Senate
 Southerners resented Northern
attempts to prevent expansion of
slavery
The Election of 1848
 Whig: Zachary Taylor
 Takes no position
 But owns slaves in LA
 Democratic: Lewis Cass
 proposes popular sovereignty
supported by many antislavery forces
 Free-Soil party: Martin Van Buren
 Coalition of N. anti-slavery Whigs, Liberty party, and
Dems who distrust Taylor
 Supports Wilmot Proviso
 Federal internal improvements and free govt
homesteads to settlers
 Foreshadows beginning of the Republican party
 Taylor wins election with less than 50%

Taylor Takes Charge
 Taylor proposes admitting California and
New Mexico as states immediately
 Gold in Cali: most settlers aiming to strike it
rich, but didn’t
 San Fran: main center of pop. And business
 Cali drafted constitution in 1849 that excluded
slavery
 South reacts angrily
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not enough time for planters to settle
immediate admission would result in ban of
slavery
Sectional Balance in 1850
 South
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Presidency
majority in cabinet
majority in Supreme Court
equal number of states in Senate
 Worried that
 CA would tip balance
 set free state precedent in Southwest
 Pave road for NM and UT to be free states also
 Angered by
 N. demand for abolition in DC
 Underground RR and Runaway slaves
 Personal Liberty Laws
Compromise of 1850
 Henry Clay’s compromise package
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California admitted as a free state
slave trade prohibited in District of Columbia
strong fugitive slave law
popular sovereignty in the rest of the Mexican
cession
Result
 N got a better deal
 CA=advantage in Senate
 Popular sovereignty in NM and UT would probably
choose non-slave
 Stopped slave trade in DCstep toward
emancipation
 Fugitive slave law was the most fractional issue
 Slaves could not testify on own behalf
 Hefty fines and jail times for those who helped
runaways
 More N states passed Personal Liberty Laws
The Compromise of 1850
Political Upheaval, 1852-1856
 Doom for the Whigs
 Whigs were spilt between antislavery
northerners and southerners who supported
slavery
 Both leaders of the party Henry Clay and
Daniel Webster die
 Nominated war hero Winfield Scott in the
Election of 1852
 Scott a terrible candidate allied himself
with the antislavery northern segment of
the party and lost to Democrat Franklin
Pierce
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Raises a Storm
 1854--Stephen Douglas introduces
Kansas-Nebraska bill
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apply popular sovereignty to Kansas,
Nebraska
repeal Missouri Compromise line
 Act passes on sectional vote
 Northerners outraged
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of
1854
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Raises a Storm
 Whig indecision causes party to
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disintegrate
Mass defection among Northern
Democrats
“Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North
in 1854 congressional elections
Democrats become sole Southern party
President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba
provokes antislavery firestorm: Ostend
Manifesto
Kansas and the Rise of the
Republicans
 Republican party:
 Former Whigs, Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers,
Some Northern Democrats, Liberty Party,
Know-Nothings, Opponents of KNA
 Appeals to Northern sectional sympathies
 Defends West for white, small farmers
 Lincoln is candidate
 Not allowed south of Mason-Dixon Line
Conflict Heats Up
 KNA suggested that KS would be free and
Neb would be slave
 “Bleeding Kansas”
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Struggle among abolitionists, proslavery forces
for control of Kansas territory
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N: Sent NE Emigrant Aid Company
S: Pro-slavery “border ruffians” from MO poured
into KS to vote repeatedly and stop abolitionists
 Pro-slavery group set up a government at
Shawnee Mission
 Free-soilers set up a competing government
in Topeka
“Bleeding Kansas”
Conflict Heats Up
 Caning of Charles Sumner
 Leading abolitionist Senator from Mass.
 Made speech about Bleeding Kansas
 SC senator Preston Brooks attacked Sumner
and beat him over the head with his cane!
 This issue symbolized the irreconcilability of
the N/S disagreements
Congressional Election of 1854
Sectional Division in the
Election of 1856
 Republican John C. Frémont seeks votes
only in free states
 Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions
sectional compromise
 Democrat James Buchanan defends the
Compromise of 1850, carries election
 Republicans make clear gains in North
The House Divided, 1857-1860
 Sectional quarrel becomes virtually
irreconcilable under Buchanan
 Growing sense of deep cultural
differences, opposing interests between
North and South
Lecompton Constitution (1857)
 Main issue: Kansas constitution and
statehood
 Southerners devised this tricky doc:
 PPL not allowed to vote for or against the
constitution as a whole
 Had to vote for the constitution with or without
slavery
 If ppl voted no on slavery, the rights of
slaveholders already in KS would still be protected
Lecompton Constitution
 In KS:
 Freesoilers boycotted polls
 Slaveryites approved the constitution with slavery
 In Fed:
 President Buchanan supported the LC
 Senator Douglass fought against it and the House
defeated it
 COMPROMISE: Entire constitution had to be resubmitted to popular vote in KS, but pro-slavery
rejected compromise
 RESULT: Free-soilers win, but KS didn’t become
state until 1861 (after CW started)
The Dred Scott Case
 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): Supreme
Court can decide on slavery in the territories
 Major arguments
Scott has no right to sue because neither he nor
any other black, slave or free, a citizen
 Congress has no authority to prohibit slavery in
territories, Missouri Compromise
unconstitutional
 Result:
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 All blacks (N+S) no longer citizens
 Slaves could be taken anywhere
 Missouri Compromise=unconstitutional
Dred Scott Case
 Impact:
 N was outraged
 Strengthened Republican party in N
 Further split Democratic party along regional
lines
 Southerners claimed that N’s refusal to honor
decision was grounds for disunion.
Financial Crash of 1857
 Over 5,000 northern businesses failed
 Unemployment in urban areas became
widespread
 North including grain growers were hit the
hardest
 Cotton was still doing well – increased
southern confidence in their crop
“A house divided against
itself cannot stand…”
- Abraham
Lincoln
Lincoln (R) v. Douglas (D) for
Senate, Illinois
 Lincoln: All attempts to compromise the
slavery issue had failed (see previous
quotation).
 Douglas: No reason why U.S. can’t remain
half slave and half free indefinitely
 The Lincoln-Douglas debates over slavery –
two great orators
 Lincoln lost to Douglas, but launched his
career and the new party
John Brown – Harper’s Ferry
 Returned from Canada in 1859, determined to
end slavery forever
 Planned to seize federal arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia
 Use weapons to arm slaves and lead them in glorious
rebellion to destroy slavery
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Brown and his men did capture arsenal
Soon all were killed or captured by soldiers
Brown was convicted of treason and hanged
Some Northerners saw Brown as a lunatic,
some saw him as a hero
 South feared massive slave uprising
Election of 1860
 Nation desperately divided
 Republicans chose Lincoln
 Democrats split:
 Initially nominated Douglas
 South chose own candidate – John C.
Breckinridge of Kentucky
 John Bell of Tennessee – Constitution
Union Party
The Election of 1860:
Republicans
 Abraham Lincoln nominated
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home state of Illinois crucial to election
seen as moderate
 Platform to widen party’s appeal
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high tariffs for industry
free homesteads for small farmers
government aid for internal improvements
 Lincoln wins by carrying North
Lincoln’s Appealed to every nonsouthern Group
 Free-soilers – promised the non-extension
of slavery
 Manufacturers – Higher protective tariff
 Immigrants – No abridgement of their rights
 Western pioneers – internal improvements
– railroad and free homesteads
 Lincoln was not a radical abolitionist but a
moderate
The Election of 1860:
Constitutional Union Party
 Candidate John Bell
 Promises compromise between North and
South
The Election of 1860:
 Democrats Divide while Republican Unite
 Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas
 Southern Democrat John Breckenridge
 Republicans nominate political outsider
Abraham Lincoln
 Born in Kentucky Log Cabin
 Mainly Self educated lawyer
 Whig Congressman who opposed the Mexican War
Election of 1860
 Lincoln easily won – opposition divided
 Only won 40% of popular vote
 Absolutely no support in the South
 South felt certain that it had become a
minority section
 Could no longer shape national policies and
events
 Believed Congress would eventually try to
abolish slavery
 South would be ruined
 Senate formed Compromise Committee
Compromise ?
 It is the end of 1860. Lincoln has just been
elected president. The slave states are
talking about secession. Your job is to find
some compromise on slavery that will
prevent civil war.
Procedure
 Step 1: Meet with your regional group and EXPLAIN
your position in writing on the following issues:
 Compromise of 1850
 Fugitive Slave Law
 Ostend Manifesto
 Kansas Nebraska Act
 “Bleeding Kansas”
 Caning of Charles Sumner
 Dred Scott v. Sanford
 Lincoln-Douglas Debates
 John Brown’s Raid
 Election of Lincoln
 Secession
Procedure
 Step 2: Meet with your opponent
 Explain your position on each issue
 Work out a compromise that addresses these key
questions:
 What should be done about slavery where it exists?
 What should be done about slavery in the territories?
 What should be done about fugitive slaves?
 How should the federal government balance between
protecting individual personal liberty and property rights?
 How should the federal government balance the North and
South’s desires to preserve and spread their economic
system and their way of life?
 What should the federal government do if a state decides to
secede?
Procedure
 Step 3: Reflection:
 Are you satisfied that your compromise
effectively addresses all of the issues and will
keep the country unified? Explain your
answer.
P3
 North Group 1
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Kenny
Sheena
Jessica
Kelvin
Anna
Jon T
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Pawel
Carolyn
Brianna
Peter
Ronnie
 North Group 2
 South Group 1
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Geri
Jean Luc
Jordan
Mimiko
Natalie
Prashansa
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Doug
Frank
Khayla
Jon P
Andrew
 South Group 2
P7
 North
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Marissa
Alison
Alex
Steve
Brian
 South
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Chris D
Chris G
Martha
Chris Y
Nick
P9
 North Group 1
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Anthony
Chloe
Robert D
Kristina
Jon R, Ewelina
 North Group 2
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Je’Naya
Kristin
Nick
Colleen
Robert T
 South Group 1
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Yong
Jamie
Valeri
Monica
Gary
 South Group 2
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Alex
Katie
Angela
Vinnie
Steve
Confederate States of America
 SC voted to secede from the union after AL’s
election
 Most other southern states followed within a few
months
 Chose Jefferson Davis as president of
provisional gov’t located in Richmond, VA
 “Border States” were sympathetic to the S but
did not vote to secede:
 Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, West
Virginia
What provoked the South to
secede?
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




Shift of the balance of power
Triumph of Lincoln and Republican Party
Abolition agitation
Felt departure would be unopposed
Thought the Cotton Economy was strong
Preserve rights of “Self Determination”
 South felt similar to the American Revolutionaries
Why should the North fight to keep
the South?
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North and South were geographically bound
National Debt…Who would pay it?
Jointly held Federal territories
Fugitive slave issue would not go away
US would be weakened and Europe would
threaten
Crittenden Amendments
 Last effort to compromise
 Designed to appease the South
 Slavery prohibited N of 36-30
 BUT would be protected in all areas south
of that line (even in any new territories)
 Popular sovereignty for all future states
 Lincoln rejected it
 All hope of compromise was gone
Bombardment of Fort Sumter
 December 20, 1860: Lincoln said he would
not compromise over extension of slavery
 April 12: South Carolinians opened fire on
federal fort in Charleston Harbor
 Thus the Civil War began.
 Lincoln defines the war as effort to
preserve Union
Crucial border states – Missouri,
Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware
 Lincoln used illegal tactics to control these
slave states and force to remain with the
union
 Martial law was declared in Maryland to
suppress confederate support
 Supervised voting insured that only proUnion politicians were elected in these
states
 Repealed ban on habeas corpus
South seemed to have great
advantages
 Confederacy could win a defensive war
 North had to invade and drag South back
 South had most talented officers
 Lee, Jackson
 Southern men were bred to fight
 South seized federal forts and weapons
Southern Problems
 North cut rail and ship supply lines with a
blockade
 Lack of diversity of southern economy
 North controlled the sea
 North had larger army and population with
a steady flow of immigrants
 Weak central government of the south had
problems running the war
 People opposed high taxes to fund war
 Confederate money was not valuable
South could have won if….
 Border state seceded
 Northern against war demanded
armistice
 Britain or France broke blockade
Northern Initial Strategy
 Lincoln adopts two-front strategy
 End the War quickly
 deploy navy to blockade Southern ports
 capture Confederate capital, Richmond, Va.
 Capture Mississisippi River
1st Battle of Bull Run
1st major battle of war
 30,000 poorly trained Union soldiers attack a
smaller confederate force at Monassas
Junction Virginia
 They Union troops were stopped there by
Confederate general Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson
 Union was humiliated and forced to retreat to
Washington
 Lincoln place General George McClellan in
command
General McClellan (Union General)
 Consistently felt he was outnumbered
 Pro-slavery Democrat favored pushing
the south into a bloodless defeat
 Overcautious and slow
 Critical of Lincoln’s leadership
Robert E. Lee (Confederate
General)
 Lee was everything McClellan was not
 Lincoln initially asked him to run Union
army
 He was Bold and willing to accept
casualties
Political Leadership: Northern
Success and Southern Failure
 Lincoln expands
wartime powers
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declares martial law
imprisons 10,000
"subversives" without
trial
briefly closed down a
few newspapers
 Jefferson Davis
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concerned mainly with
military duties
neglects civilian
morale, economy
lacks influence with
state governments
The Diplomatic Struggle
 England
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
belligerent rights extended to Confederacy
conditions recognition of independence on
proof that South can win independence
 France--Confederacy not recognized
unless England does so first
 "King Cotton" has little influence on
foreign policy of other nations
Battle of Antietam Sept 1862
 McClellan stopped Lee’s advance in one
of the bloodiest days of the war
 Antietam was a draw militarily
 Impact
 South never got closer to D.C
 British and French may have joined
south had they won
 Provided Lincoln a victory to launch
his Emancipation Proclamation
Sept 23, 1862 Emancipation
Proclamation
 Made Union cause a morale one
 Border states did not free slaves
 Foreshadowed doom of slavery
 Northern opposition to the war rises
 Desertions in Union army increased
sharply
 Northern Democrats had gains in
Congress
Emancipation (2)
 Improved relations with France and
England
 Blacks began to enlist in the Union army
 180,000 black soldiers 10% of army
 22 Congressional medals of honor
 Routinely massacred when captured
 54th Massachusetts Infantry – 1st to see
combat
Lincoln replace McClellan with
General Burnside
 Burnside tries again to take Richmond and
won the Battle of Fredericksburg only a
couple of miles from Richmond
 He was forced to retreat by Lee after trying to
charge into the heights west of the town
 Burnside would be replaced by General Joe
Hooker
 War in the East had become a stalemate
Union Strategy Shifts “Total
War”
 Anaconda Plan
 Slowly suffocate south with a naval blockade
 Liberate the slaves to undermine Southern
economy
 Cut Confederacy in half by seizing control of
Mississippi River
 Chop South into pieces by sending troops threw
Georgia and on to the Carolinas
 Decapitate the Confederacy by taking Richmond
The Tide Turns 1863
 Southern Problems
 Confederate economy had collapsed
 Diplomacy with France and Britain was a
failure
 Masters were loosing control of their slaves
Tide Turns 1863 (2)
 North failed to capitalize
 Morale problems resulting from Emancipation
 Enrollment Act – Draft of eligible whites
 Rich could pay their way out
 Provoked a violent response
 Draft riots in NYC
 Copperheads – promoted end to the war
 Feared power of government
 Opposition to the Emancipation
Battle of Gettysburg
 North had tactical advantage having taken a
strong defensive position on Cemetery Ridge and
Culp’s Hill
 July 2 a series of Confederate attacks failed to
penetrate the Union lines
 July 3 Lee chose to send one final desperate
assault lead by General Pickett – More bold than
wise
 “Pickett’s Charge” was disastrous only a few
soldiers survived
 Lee was forced to retreat
 Meade failed to follow Lee and allowed him to
escape – could have ended it right there
Battle of Vicksburg (Same day)
 Grant took control of a vital fort on
Mississippi river
Impact of Gettysburg and
Vicksburg
 Opened Mississippi river to North which
allowed for trading to Ohio River Valley
 Invasion of south would now begin
 Divided South in half
 Lee would never advance his army north
again
 Britain and France would not recognize
Confederacy
 Any hope for a Southern victory ended on
July 4, 1863 at Vicksburg and Gettysburg
Last Stages of the Conflict
 March 9, 1864--Grant made supreme
commander of Union armies
 Union invades the South on all fronts

William Sherman marches through Georgia
and takes Atlanta
 1865
 Lee surrenders
 Lincoln assassinated
 Confederacy ends
Effects of the War
 618,000 troops dead
 Bereft women seek non-domestic roles
 Four million African Americans free, not
equal
 Industrial workers face wartime inflation
Effects of the War (2)
 Federal government predominant over
states
 Federal government takes activist role
in the economy
 higher tariffs, free land, national banking
system