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AN AGE OF EXPANSIONISM Manifest Destiny The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny "Manifest destiny" first used in 1845 God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to become stronger U.S. divinely ordained to encompass Mexico and Canada Americans make new territories free and democratic growing American population needs land Limits to American expansion undefined Movement to the Far West American settlement reaches Pacific in 1830s and 1840s Settlement encroaches on lands claimed by Mexico and England Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth Century The Texas Revolution 1820s--Americans move into Texas "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican rule 1829--Mexico tries abolishing slavery 1835--armed rebellion breaks out The Republic of Texas March, 1836--Texans declare independence April, 1836--Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto May, 1836--Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas' claim to territory (Mexico repudiates) Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson Texas Revolution Western Trails Tyler and Texas 1841--John Tyler assumes presidency after William Henry Harrison’s death Tyler breaks with Whigs 1844--Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for re-election campaign issue Senate refuses to ratify Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry Clay The Triumph of Polk and Annexation Democrats nominate James K. Polk Polk runs on expansionist platform annexation of Texas for Southern vote U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote Polk wins, so Congress interprets his election as mandate for expansion Texas annexed before Polk inaugurated Mexican War Polk wanted to buy California, but tensions prevented this California: gateway to Pacific Mexico’s still upset over Texas annexation Boundary dispute: Original boundary: Nueces River; Texans claimed Rio Grande Polk honored boundary at Rio Grande Mexicans wanted all of Texas back The Mexican-American War Mexican War Polk sent John Slidell to buy California for $25 mil Mexico refused Polk ordered Gen Zachary Taylor to march from Nueces R. to Rio Grande and ordered naval forces to get ready Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande and attacked Am. Troops Polk sent message to Congress War! War with Mexico May 13, 1846--War on Mexico declared General Zachary Taylor wins campaign in northern Mexico Colonel Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico and joined John C. Frémont in taking California by early 1847 September, 1847--General Winfield Scott occupies Mexico City Mexican War opponents Some Whigs opposed war Thought US did not have a right to Texas beyond Nueces River Some threatened to cut off supplies and money Feared this was a slavery conspiracy E.g. Ralph Waldo Emerson: “Mexico will poison us” Questioned if blood was spilled on Am. Territory: i.e. Lincoln’s Spot Resolutions Settlement of the MexicanAmerican War February, 1848--Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Rio Grande becomes southern border California ceded to U.S. and NM, AZ, UT, NV Latin America started viewing US as “Colossus of the North” US forces gained war experience: prep for CW Most important effect: Mexican War stirred up the slavery issue in Congress led to CW Would the new territory be open to slavery? How to decide? Abolitionists saw Mexican conflict as conspiracy of the “slaveocracy” and cited the Ostend Manifesto and Oregon settlement as further examples Northwest Boundary Dispute Polk and the Oregon Question 1846--Polk notifies Great Britain that the U.S. no longer accepts joint occupation England prepares for war, proposes division of the area Senate approves division of Oregon along 49o north latitude, Treaty of 1846 The Problem of Slavery in the Mexican Cession Congressional power over slavery includes setting conditions to make territories states forbidding slavery in new states Mexican Cession of 1848 puts status of slavery in new territory into question Wilmot Proviso Slavery should never exist in any of the territories gained from Mexico Twice passed House, but not Senate Southerners resented Northern attempts to prevent expansion of slavery The Election of 1848 Whig: Zachary Taylor Takes no position But owns slaves in LA Democratic: Lewis Cass proposes popular sovereignty supported by many antislavery forces Free-Soil party: Martin Van Buren Coalition of N. anti-slavery Whigs, Liberty party, and Dems who distrust Taylor Supports Wilmot Proviso Federal internal improvements and free govt homesteads to settlers Foreshadows beginning of the Republican party Taylor wins election with less than 50% Taylor Takes Charge Taylor proposes admitting California and New Mexico as states immediately Gold in Cali: most settlers aiming to strike it rich, but didn’t San Fran: main center of pop. And business Cali drafted constitution in 1849 that excluded slavery South reacts angrily not enough time for planters to settle immediate admission would result in ban of slavery Sectional Balance in 1850 South Presidency majority in cabinet majority in Supreme Court equal number of states in Senate Worried that CA would tip balance set free state precedent in Southwest Pave road for NM and UT to be free states also Angered by N. demand for abolition in DC Underground RR and Runaway slaves Personal Liberty Laws Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay’s compromise package California admitted as a free state slave trade prohibited in District of Columbia strong fugitive slave law popular sovereignty in the rest of the Mexican cession Result N got a better deal CA=advantage in Senate Popular sovereignty in NM and UT would probably choose non-slave Stopped slave trade in DCstep toward emancipation Fugitive slave law was the most fractional issue Slaves could not testify on own behalf Hefty fines and jail times for those who helped runaways More N states passed Personal Liberty Laws The Compromise of 1850 Political Upheaval, 1852-1856 Doom for the Whigs Whigs were spilt between antislavery northerners and southerners who supported slavery Both leaders of the party Henry Clay and Daniel Webster die Nominated war hero Winfield Scott in the Election of 1852 Scott a terrible candidate allied himself with the antislavery northern segment of the party and lost to Democrat Franklin Pierce The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm 1854--Stephen Douglas introduces Kansas-Nebraska bill apply popular sovereignty to Kansas, Nebraska repeal Missouri Compromise line Act passes on sectional vote Northerners outraged The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate Mass defection among Northern Democrats “Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in 1854 congressional elections Democrats become sole Southern party President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba provokes antislavery firestorm: Ostend Manifesto Kansas and the Rise of the Republicans Republican party: Former Whigs, Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers, Some Northern Democrats, Liberty Party, Know-Nothings, Opponents of KNA Appeals to Northern sectional sympathies Defends West for white, small farmers Lincoln is candidate Not allowed south of Mason-Dixon Line Conflict Heats Up KNA suggested that KS would be free and Neb would be slave “Bleeding Kansas” Struggle among abolitionists, proslavery forces for control of Kansas territory N: Sent NE Emigrant Aid Company S: Pro-slavery “border ruffians” from MO poured into KS to vote repeatedly and stop abolitionists Pro-slavery group set up a government at Shawnee Mission Free-soilers set up a competing government in Topeka “Bleeding Kansas” Conflict Heats Up Caning of Charles Sumner Leading abolitionist Senator from Mass. Made speech about Bleeding Kansas SC senator Preston Brooks attacked Sumner and beat him over the head with his cane! This issue symbolized the irreconcilability of the N/S disagreements Congressional Election of 1854 Sectional Division in the Election of 1856 Republican John C. Frémont seeks votes only in free states Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions sectional compromise Democrat James Buchanan defends the Compromise of 1850, carries election Republicans make clear gains in North The House Divided, 1857-1860 Sectional quarrel becomes virtually irreconcilable under Buchanan Growing sense of deep cultural differences, opposing interests between North and South Lecompton Constitution (1857) Main issue: Kansas constitution and statehood Southerners devised this tricky doc: PPL not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole Had to vote for the constitution with or without slavery If ppl voted no on slavery, the rights of slaveholders already in KS would still be protected Lecompton Constitution In KS: Freesoilers boycotted polls Slaveryites approved the constitution with slavery In Fed: President Buchanan supported the LC Senator Douglass fought against it and the House defeated it COMPROMISE: Entire constitution had to be resubmitted to popular vote in KS, but pro-slavery rejected compromise RESULT: Free-soilers win, but KS didn’t become state until 1861 (after CW started) The Dred Scott Case Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): Supreme Court can decide on slavery in the territories Major arguments Scott has no right to sue because neither he nor any other black, slave or free, a citizen Congress has no authority to prohibit slavery in territories, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional Result: All blacks (N+S) no longer citizens Slaves could be taken anywhere Missouri Compromise=unconstitutional Dred Scott Case Impact: N was outraged Strengthened Republican party in N Further split Democratic party along regional lines Southerners claimed that N’s refusal to honor decision was grounds for disunion. Financial Crash of 1857 Over 5,000 northern businesses failed Unemployment in urban areas became widespread North including grain growers were hit the hardest Cotton was still doing well – increased southern confidence in their crop “A house divided against itself cannot stand…” - Abraham Lincoln Lincoln (R) v. Douglas (D) for Senate, Illinois Lincoln: All attempts to compromise the slavery issue had failed (see previous quotation). Douglas: No reason why U.S. can’t remain half slave and half free indefinitely The Lincoln-Douglas debates over slavery – two great orators Lincoln lost to Douglas, but launched his career and the new party John Brown – Harper’s Ferry Returned from Canada in 1859, determined to end slavery forever Planned to seize federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia Use weapons to arm slaves and lead them in glorious rebellion to destroy slavery Brown and his men did capture arsenal Soon all were killed or captured by soldiers Brown was convicted of treason and hanged Some Northerners saw Brown as a lunatic, some saw him as a hero South feared massive slave uprising Election of 1860 Nation desperately divided Republicans chose Lincoln Democrats split: Initially nominated Douglas South chose own candidate – John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky John Bell of Tennessee – Constitution Union Party The Election of 1860: Republicans Abraham Lincoln nominated home state of Illinois crucial to election seen as moderate Platform to widen party’s appeal high tariffs for industry free homesteads for small farmers government aid for internal improvements Lincoln wins by carrying North Lincoln’s Appealed to every nonsouthern Group Free-soilers – promised the non-extension of slavery Manufacturers – Higher protective tariff Immigrants – No abridgement of their rights Western pioneers – internal improvements – railroad and free homesteads Lincoln was not a radical abolitionist but a moderate The Election of 1860: Constitutional Union Party Candidate John Bell Promises compromise between North and South The Election of 1860: Democrats Divide while Republican Unite Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas Southern Democrat John Breckenridge Republicans nominate political outsider Abraham Lincoln Born in Kentucky Log Cabin Mainly Self educated lawyer Whig Congressman who opposed the Mexican War Election of 1860 Lincoln easily won – opposition divided Only won 40% of popular vote Absolutely no support in the South South felt certain that it had become a minority section Could no longer shape national policies and events Believed Congress would eventually try to abolish slavery South would be ruined Senate formed Compromise Committee Compromise ? It is the end of 1860. Lincoln has just been elected president. The slave states are talking about secession. Your job is to find some compromise on slavery that will prevent civil war. Procedure Step 1: Meet with your regional group and EXPLAIN your position in writing on the following issues: Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law Ostend Manifesto Kansas Nebraska Act “Bleeding Kansas” Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sanford Lincoln-Douglas Debates John Brown’s Raid Election of Lincoln Secession Procedure Step 2: Meet with your opponent Explain your position on each issue Work out a compromise that addresses these key questions: What should be done about slavery where it exists? What should be done about slavery in the territories? What should be done about fugitive slaves? How should the federal government balance between protecting individual personal liberty and property rights? How should the federal government balance the North and South’s desires to preserve and spread their economic system and their way of life? What should the federal government do if a state decides to secede? Procedure Step 3: Reflection: Are you satisfied that your compromise effectively addresses all of the issues and will keep the country unified? Explain your answer. P3 North Group 1 Kenny Sheena Jessica Kelvin Anna Jon T Pawel Carolyn Brianna Peter Ronnie North Group 2 South Group 1 Geri Jean Luc Jordan Mimiko Natalie Prashansa Doug Frank Khayla Jon P Andrew South Group 2 P7 North Marissa Alison Alex Steve Brian South Chris D Chris G Martha Chris Y Nick P9 North Group 1 Anthony Chloe Robert D Kristina Jon R, Ewelina North Group 2 Je’Naya Kristin Nick Colleen Robert T South Group 1 Yong Jamie Valeri Monica Gary South Group 2 Alex Katie Angela Vinnie Steve Confederate States of America SC voted to secede from the union after AL’s election Most other southern states followed within a few months Chose Jefferson Davis as president of provisional gov’t located in Richmond, VA “Border States” were sympathetic to the S but did not vote to secede: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, West Virginia What provoked the South to secede? Shift of the balance of power Triumph of Lincoln and Republican Party Abolition agitation Felt departure would be unopposed Thought the Cotton Economy was strong Preserve rights of “Self Determination” South felt similar to the American Revolutionaries Why should the North fight to keep the South? North and South were geographically bound National Debt…Who would pay it? Jointly held Federal territories Fugitive slave issue would not go away US would be weakened and Europe would threaten Crittenden Amendments Last effort to compromise Designed to appease the South Slavery prohibited N of 36-30 BUT would be protected in all areas south of that line (even in any new territories) Popular sovereignty for all future states Lincoln rejected it All hope of compromise was gone Bombardment of Fort Sumter December 20, 1860: Lincoln said he would not compromise over extension of slavery April 12: South Carolinians opened fire on federal fort in Charleston Harbor Thus the Civil War began. Lincoln defines the war as effort to preserve Union Crucial border states – Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland and Delaware Lincoln used illegal tactics to control these slave states and force to remain with the union Martial law was declared in Maryland to suppress confederate support Supervised voting insured that only proUnion politicians were elected in these states Repealed ban on habeas corpus South seemed to have great advantages Confederacy could win a defensive war North had to invade and drag South back South had most talented officers Lee, Jackson Southern men were bred to fight South seized federal forts and weapons Southern Problems North cut rail and ship supply lines with a blockade Lack of diversity of southern economy North controlled the sea North had larger army and population with a steady flow of immigrants Weak central government of the south had problems running the war People opposed high taxes to fund war Confederate money was not valuable South could have won if…. Border state seceded Northern against war demanded armistice Britain or France broke blockade Northern Initial Strategy Lincoln adopts two-front strategy End the War quickly deploy navy to blockade Southern ports capture Confederate capital, Richmond, Va. Capture Mississisippi River 1st Battle of Bull Run 1st major battle of war 30,000 poorly trained Union soldiers attack a smaller confederate force at Monassas Junction Virginia They Union troops were stopped there by Confederate general Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Union was humiliated and forced to retreat to Washington Lincoln place General George McClellan in command General McClellan (Union General) Consistently felt he was outnumbered Pro-slavery Democrat favored pushing the south into a bloodless defeat Overcautious and slow Critical of Lincoln’s leadership Robert E. Lee (Confederate General) Lee was everything McClellan was not Lincoln initially asked him to run Union army He was Bold and willing to accept casualties Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure Lincoln expands wartime powers declares martial law imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without trial briefly closed down a few newspapers Jefferson Davis concerned mainly with military duties neglects civilian morale, economy lacks influence with state governments The Diplomatic Struggle England belligerent rights extended to Confederacy conditions recognition of independence on proof that South can win independence France--Confederacy not recognized unless England does so first "King Cotton" has little influence on foreign policy of other nations Battle of Antietam Sept 1862 McClellan stopped Lee’s advance in one of the bloodiest days of the war Antietam was a draw militarily Impact South never got closer to D.C British and French may have joined south had they won Provided Lincoln a victory to launch his Emancipation Proclamation Sept 23, 1862 Emancipation Proclamation Made Union cause a morale one Border states did not free slaves Foreshadowed doom of slavery Northern opposition to the war rises Desertions in Union army increased sharply Northern Democrats had gains in Congress Emancipation (2) Improved relations with France and England Blacks began to enlist in the Union army 180,000 black soldiers 10% of army 22 Congressional medals of honor Routinely massacred when captured 54th Massachusetts Infantry – 1st to see combat Lincoln replace McClellan with General Burnside Burnside tries again to take Richmond and won the Battle of Fredericksburg only a couple of miles from Richmond He was forced to retreat by Lee after trying to charge into the heights west of the town Burnside would be replaced by General Joe Hooker War in the East had become a stalemate Union Strategy Shifts “Total War” Anaconda Plan Slowly suffocate south with a naval blockade Liberate the slaves to undermine Southern economy Cut Confederacy in half by seizing control of Mississippi River Chop South into pieces by sending troops threw Georgia and on to the Carolinas Decapitate the Confederacy by taking Richmond The Tide Turns 1863 Southern Problems Confederate economy had collapsed Diplomacy with France and Britain was a failure Masters were loosing control of their slaves Tide Turns 1863 (2) North failed to capitalize Morale problems resulting from Emancipation Enrollment Act – Draft of eligible whites Rich could pay their way out Provoked a violent response Draft riots in NYC Copperheads – promoted end to the war Feared power of government Opposition to the Emancipation Battle of Gettysburg North had tactical advantage having taken a strong defensive position on Cemetery Ridge and Culp’s Hill July 2 a series of Confederate attacks failed to penetrate the Union lines July 3 Lee chose to send one final desperate assault lead by General Pickett – More bold than wise “Pickett’s Charge” was disastrous only a few soldiers survived Lee was forced to retreat Meade failed to follow Lee and allowed him to escape – could have ended it right there Battle of Vicksburg (Same day) Grant took control of a vital fort on Mississippi river Impact of Gettysburg and Vicksburg Opened Mississippi river to North which allowed for trading to Ohio River Valley Invasion of south would now begin Divided South in half Lee would never advance his army north again Britain and France would not recognize Confederacy Any hope for a Southern victory ended on July 4, 1863 at Vicksburg and Gettysburg Last Stages of the Conflict March 9, 1864--Grant made supreme commander of Union armies Union invades the South on all fronts William Sherman marches through Georgia and takes Atlanta 1865 Lee surrenders Lincoln assassinated Confederacy ends Effects of the War 618,000 troops dead Bereft women seek non-domestic roles Four million African Americans free, not equal Industrial workers face wartime inflation Effects of the War (2) Federal government predominant over states Federal government takes activist role in the economy higher tariffs, free land, national banking system