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Discovering the Earth Themes of Geography What is geography? The study of the Earth. – The word geography comes from two Greek words. • Ge – meaning “earth” • Graphein – meaning “to write” A World of Environments Environment – all of the surroundings of a place, including land and water. – All of the weather patterns, plants, and animals living in a place. – Name examples of different environments. Bodies of Water 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. – Most of the water lies in one giant body of water, which is split into four salt water oceans. • Atlantic – from the Greek word “Atlas” (Mythological Giant) • Pacific – from the Latin word “Pax” (Peace) • Indian – from the Persian word “Hindu” (India) • Arctic – from the Greek word “arktas” (bear) Oceans of the World The world has four major oceans. Atlantic Arctic ocean Pacific Arctic Indian Pacific ocean Atlantic ocean Indian ocean Fresh Water Supply Found within landmasses Rivers – carry water into oceans Lakes – completely surrounded by land – What are the largest freshwater lakes named? What continent are they located on? Different Landforms Only 30% of the Earth is covered by land. Landforms vary in different parts of the world. – Examples: mountains, plains, hills, desert, etc. What is the largest continent? What is the smallest continent? Earth’s Vegetation Vegetation – natural plant life of a region. Learning from a Gazetteer – A list of places that hold geographical significance. • Gives the exact locations and descriptions of these locations Climates of the World Many Different Climates – Climate – weather pattern an area has over a period of time. • How many different climates are found in the U.S.? – Precipitation – moisture that falls in the form of rain or snow. – The amount of precip. an area receives is an important factor in the climate. Latitude and Climate Latitude – how far north or south from the equator a region is located. – Latitude is shown on a map with lines going east and west. – The hottest climates, also known as tropical climates, are found in low latitudes (closest to the equator). Latitude and Climate, cont. Climates consisting of cold winters and warm summers are found in middle latitudes and are also called temperate climates (much of North America and Europe are temperate climates. Polar Climates – are the coldest climates and are found mostly in the high latitudes near the North and South Poles. Altitude and Climate Altitude – height above sea level. – High altitude is another factor in cold climate areas. – Two areas can be at the same latitude and have different climates if one area is at a higher altitude. • Example – Washington D.C. (close to sea level) and Pikes Peak, Colorado (alt. 14,110 ft.) are approximately the same latitude, but Pikes Peak has a much colder climate than Washington D.C. Currents and Climate Currents – water flowing through the oceans. – Warm Currents – flow from the equator toward the poles. • Warm the air above and cause warmer temp. – Cold Currents – flow from the polar regions toward the equator Climate’s Influence Plant Life – Plant life is dependent on the climate in order to grow. • Ex. Bananas can only grow in tropical climates. Animal Life – Animals adapt to their climate in order to survive. – Certain animals cannot live in environments that are extremely hot or extremely cold. Earth’s Resources Natural Resources – something in nature that is useful to humans. – Water, air, soil, sunlight, animals. Using minerals – Minerals – natural resources that are reached by digging into the earth. • Two types of minerals: Metals and Nonmetals. Minerals Metals – mostly are hard and shiny. – Iron, nickel, and copper. Nonmetals – Salt, oil, and natural gas. – How are minerals important for our daily activities? Preserving Earth’s Resources Renewable Resources – can be replaced or rebuild themselves. – Renewable resources must be protected in order to keep them in good condition – pollution could destroy some of these resources. • Sunlight, air, soil, water, plants, and animals. – Nonrenewable Resources – resources that cannot be renewed or replaced. People and the Earth People throughout the world must adjust to and deal with the resources, climates, landforms, and vegetation that are provided in their region. Understanding Latitude and Longitude Lines measuring location – Latitude – EW, also known as parallels. • Measures location in degrees north and south of the equator. • The equator is at 0 degrees latitude. – Longitude – NS, also known as meridians • Measures location in degrees east and west. The prime meridian is at 0 degrees longitude. - Grid – pinpoints exact location by showing where the degrees of longitude and latitude cross at the specific location. Where is 0 degree? The equator is 0 degree latitude. It is an imaginary belt that runs halfway point between the North Pole and the South Pole. Equator P M E R R I I D M I The prime meridian E Ais 0 degrees longitude. This imaginary line runs N Where is 0 degree? through the United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica. All People Have a Culture Meeting basic needs. – Basic needs around the world are the same: • Water, food, clothing, and shelter – Culture – the way of life belonging to a group of people, including the way people live, think, believe, and feel – Customs – social habits or ways of living in a group. – Cultures and customs influence the way people meet their basic needs. – Climate is another influence in determining how people meet their basic needs. Living and Working Together Over 3,000 different languages throughout the world. Society – a group of people bound together by the same culture. Societies vary in how they produce goods, from very simple ways to very complex methods. Values and Culture Values – the beliefs that guide the way people live. – Cultural values determine how people act, their morals, and what is important in that culture. Government – est. form of ruling. Religion – a belief in God or gods; there are thousands of very different religions throughout the world. Values are an important part of government and religion. The Legacy of Different Cultures Legacy – traditions that have developed over time. – Handed down from one generation to the next. – Many cultures have unique legacies. How Early People Lived The Earth and Early People – Ice Age – millions of years of long cold per. • Nearly ¼ of the earth was covered by glaciers, or sheets of ice. • People began living in groups and left behind traces of their lives. – Old Stone Age – first stage of human life which began about two million years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. • People made tools from stone. • Used fire for warmth and cooking A Story of the OSA Nomads – people that traveled from place to place in search of food and had no permanent homes. People that lived in the Old Stone Age were nomads as a way of survival. This was a time when people were learning how to work together. Hunting and Gathering Stones and sticks were carved into knives, spear points, and spear-throwers for hunting, scrapers for cleaning animal skins, and axes for cutting up meat. Hunting did not always provide enough food to live on, so gathering was used as an additional source of food. Gatherers found plants, berries, nuts, fruits, and roots that could be eaten. The Beginning of Culture Unique cultures, languages, and beliefs were developed by the people of the OSA. Different ways to meet basic needs. Food, clothing, shelter, language, religion. People used language to develop aspects of their lives, such as religion, values, customs, and skills. Language helped cultures spread fast. The Beginning of Village Life End of Two Ages – Ice Age and OSA ended around 8,000 B.C. – Climate on earth began to warm and G melted. – Farming was started as the climate warmed and land was uncovered. – The food supply increased and people could live in one place and farm the land. – Beginning of New Stone Age. New Stone Age Began around 8,000 B.C. The beginning of civilization. – Culture that has developed government, religion, and learning. Animals were domesticated, or tamed, to be used for meat, milk, hides, and for working. The First Villages People learned to cultivate and prepare the land for farming. Farming the land and raising animals = food supply = one place = villages. Villages were built near rivers. Specialization People began developing skills and started to specialize in different trades. Specialize – people are trained to do a particular kind of work. Examples. – Farmers provided food. – Weavers provided clothing. – Artisans were crafts workers. – Different Buildings (Wood and Clay) The Growth of Technology Technology – the use of skills and tools that serve human needs. Technology advanced in the NSA. Ex. – pottery as food containers. – No longer needed baskets or stones. How do we know about the past? History and Prehistory History – the record of what has happened in the past. – Learn about history from written and oral records. Prehistory – the period of time before writing began. – We learn about prehistoric people by studying artifacts. Artifacts – objects that were made by people long ago. – How do we keep track of things now? The Science of Archaeology Archaeology – the study of the remains of past cultures. Archaeologists dig for artifacts to study about prehistoric people. The Historian’s Craft Primary sources – first-hand records of an event. Secondary sources – writings about past events that are based on information from primary sources.