Download New Empires in the Americas

New Empires in the Americas
Chapter 2
• What is the most important reasons
English, French, Portuguese and Spanish
merchants began searching for routes to
Asia in the 1400’s?
• How did the Astrolabe aid explorers in
finding new continents?
Reasons for Exploration
• Wanted Asian Spices
• Wanted to buy spices directly from Asia
• Wanted to convert others to Christianity
• Interested in Asian Culture.
• Fascinated by Marco Polo’s book about his
exploration
Technological Advances
Magnetic Compass
• Gave primary and intermediate directions.
The magnetic compass
enabled Christopher
Columbus to maintain a
westerly direction and
land in Hispaniola.
Astrolabe
• Used to determine the ships location
Ship Building
• Smaller, lighter ships were easier to steer
• Caravels- (see Illustration) –used
triangular sails so they could sail against
the wind.
Caravel: A Revolutionary Sailing Ship
The caravel (also spelled carvel) is a light sailing
ship that that was developed by the Portuguese in the late 1400's, and was
used for the next 300 years. The Portuguese developed this ship to help them
explore the African coast.
The caravel was an improvement on older ships because it could sail very fast
and also sail well into the wind (windward). Caravel planking on the hull
replaced thinner, less effective planking. Caravels were broad-beamed ships
that had 2 or 3 masts with square sails and a triangular sail (called a lanteen).
They were up to about 65 feet long and could carry roughly 130 tons of cargo.
Caravels were smaller and lighter than the later Spanish galleons (developed in
the 1500's).
Rudders
• Helped steering
Explorers
• Vasco Da Gama- went around the Cape of
Good Hope (tip of African Continent) to India.
Trade brought wealth and power to Portugal.
Answer these questions in your
binder
• The Columbian exchange encouraged American
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•
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•
Indians to grow more ________.
What profession did the person have that
decided to name America after Amerigo
Vespucci?
Who discovered the western route to Asia?
List the correct order of stops of the journey of
Christopher Columbus.
How did the Columbian exchange effect the
American Indians?
Christopher Columbus
• From Italy
• Asked Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to pay for an
•
•
•
exploration to find an all water route to Asia.
Three Ships: The Nina, Pinta, and The Santa Maria
Landed in San Salvador (Holy Savior)
Called the people he found Indians because he thought
he landed in India,
Columbus’ Ships
Impact of Columbus Voyage
• Portugal wanted to add lands to their
empire
• Line of Demarcation- divides the Atlantic
Ocean- -Spain could claim all land west of
the line-Portugal got all land East of the
line.
Treaty of Tordesellas
• Portugal disagreed with the line of
demarcation.
• The Treaty of Tordissillos moved the line
800 miles East.
Amerigo Vespucci
• Spanish
• Led an expedition to South America- he believed
•
that a new land not India had been found.
Mapmakers called the new land America.
Ferdinand Magellan
• Spanish
• First to circumnavigate the globe.
Columbian Exchange
• The exchange of goods between Europe,
the Americas, Asia and Africa.
• New Plants
– Potato
– Corn
– Tobacco
– coca
Europeans introduced into America
•
•
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•
Cattle
Horses
Pigs
Grains
– Barley
– Wheat
Spain Builds an Empire
• Spain sent soldiers
•
(Conquistadors) to the
Americas.
They had two purposes
– To find Riches for Spain
– To convert the Natives to
Catholicism.
Hernan Cortes
• Went from Cuba to Mexico
• Took 508 soldiers, 100 sailors and 16
horses.
• Fought and defeated King Moctezuma II
and thousand of Aztec warriors.
• Captured the Aztec Capital City of
Tenochtitlan and Killed the Aztec leaders
Pizzaro
• Captured the Inca Empire and killed their
leaders.
European Disease
• ¾ of the Aztecs and Incas were killed by
European Diseases.
Spanish Settlements and New
Spain
• Spain called their settlements in the new
land New Spain
Government in New Spain
• Royal Officials
– Council of the Indies-governed the Americas
from Spain.
– Viceroys- appointed by the council of the
Indies
• Viceroy of Peru- governed South America
• Viceroy of New Spain- governed Spanish territory
in central America, Mexico, and the Southern U.S.
Three Types of Settlements in New
Spain
• Pueblos- trading post
•
•
and government
centers
Missions- to convert
Natives to Catholicism
Presidios- Military
bases
The Alamo
A Spanish
Mission
Exploring the Borderlands
• Ponce De Leon – discovered the coast
•
•
of Florida. He looked for the Fountain
of Youth.
Hernando De Sota – Discovered the
Mississippi River.
Alvar Nunez Cabera De Vaca and
Ponfilo De Narvez led an expedition of
North America
• Francisco Vasquez De Coronando – set out
to find the legendary Cities of GoldDiscovered the Grand Canyon.
Spanish Treatment of the Natives
• Encomienda System – gave settlers the
right to work or tax Natives but they were
obligated to protect them.
• Actually treated as slaves
– -Plantations – large estates with only one crop
– Haciendas – vast Estates
Religious Unrest increases
Migration to America
• Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther-Charged
•
•
that the Catholic Church was too wealthy and
abused its power.
Henry VIII – Founded the Church of England
(Anglican Church) and challenged the authority
of the pope
As a result protestants persecuted Catholics and
Catholics persecuted Protestants. People caught
in the middle migrated to America.
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
1588
• King Phillip of Spain –wanted to drive the
Protestants out of Europe.
• Elizabeth I of England was Protestant.
• Spain sent its warships (Armada) to defeat
England and the Armada was defeated.
• Spain also suffered because New World
Gold caused inflation in Spain.
Spain is weakened and other
European countries challenge
Spanish power in the New World
The Northwest Passage
• A water route through North America that
would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic
to the Pacific. ( does not exist)
• John Cabot- looked but his voyages
became the basis for English claims in the
New World.
• Jacques Cartier – looked but ended up
finding the St. Lawrence River and
Canada.
• Henry Hudson– found Hudson Bay instead
English Presence in the New World
• England decided to set up permanent
colonies in the New World.
• Sir Walter Raleigh – received a
charter to start a colony.
– A charter is a document that gives
permission to start a colony
Roanoke Island- site of the first
English Colony
Virginia Dare is the first English
person born in the North America
Lost Colony of Roanoke- The first
English Colony of America it
disappeared without a trace.
French Explorers
• Jaques Cartier and Samuel Champlain –
founded Canada for France.
• Rene Robert De La Salle- claimed the
Mississippi River Valley for France and
Named It Louisiana for King Louis XIV.
Dutch
• Claim New Netherlands, New York, New
Amsterdam, New Jersey, Connecticut, and
Delaware
• Company- a joint stock Company tht
settled New Netherlands
• Peter Minuet – bought Manhattan Island
from Indians for $24 and founded New
Amsterdam (New York)
Slavery
• The Middle Passage- The
voyage made across the
Atlantic that enslaved
Africans had to endure.
Explorers
• Leif Eriksson
– Self
– Labrador Peninsula in Canada, Newfoundland
& New England