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Baroque Period (1600 – 1750) By Mr. Jue Timeline in Music History Medieval (500 - 1400) Renaissance (1400 – 1600) Baroque (1600 1750) Classical (1750 – 1820) Romantic (1820 – 1900) 20th Century (1900 – 2000) The meaning of the word “Baroque” • Baroque is a French word that originated from Portuguese meaning an irregularly shaped pearl. What was going on in the world? • • • • 1610 - Galileo confirms the Earth is round 1643-1715 - Louis XIV rules France 1655 – Taj Mahal built in India 1687 - Sir Isaac Newton publishes his Laws of Universal Gravitation • Art – Rembrandt (Dutch) • Literature – Shakespeare (English) • Science – Galileo (Italian); also, the Catholic church was attempting to ban the ideas of Copernicus…heliocentric universe. • Philosophy – Descartes (French), Wolff (German) What was going on in America? • 1607 – Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America • • • • 1624 – Dutch came to New York 1636 – Harvard University founded 1720 – Exploring Alaska 1732- George Washington born What was going on in the music world? • • • • • • • • An entrepreneur in London originated the idea of public concerts. Italian composers created the first recitatives. Musicians in Paris and Rome organized the first orchestras. For the first time, instrumental music stands alone without depending on words. Opera and Ballet were linked together At this time France was the center of ballet. French musicians took the dances from these operas and ballets and grouped them into collections called suites. Three places composers could make a living: The Church, The Court (working for Nobility), and now the Opera House. • Dynamics: composers did not mark their scores with dynamics. Players would interpret these for themselves. If dynamics were used they would be abrupt (from piano to forte). Characteristics of Baroque Music • Use of a Basso Continuo - harpsichord and cello providing the base of the composition. • Emphasized contrasts in texture, pace and volume. • Strong use of improvisation in both melodies, and the embellishments of those melodies. • Lots of ‘Ornaments’. Baroque music has lots of quick wiggles backwards and forwards on a single note. These wiggles don’t really add anything to the tune. They are simply there as decoration. • Harpsichord and Organ were the main keyboard instruments of the Baroque period. • Most importantly - if you hear a harpsichord, it’s almost always Baroque. • Lots of different lines of music (or ‘tunes’) all going their own way. These single tunes weave together to make the whole music. This is called Counterpoint Baroque Composers Composers in the Baroque Period Early Baroque (1600 – 1620) 30 Years War (1619 – 1648) Late Baroque (1700 – 1750) G. Gabrieli A. Vivaldi C. Monteverdi J.S. Bach H. Schutz G.F. Handel G.F. Telemann Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) • First great composer of the Baroque era to be attacked for being too radical. • • • • Called “the last great madrigalist and the first great opera composer” Wrote his first opera; Orfeo (1607) while working at St. Mark’s. Orfeo is considered the first masterpiece of Opera. Monteverdi became the choirmaster at St. Mark’s which was considered the most prestigious musical position in Europe. Antonio Vivaldi 1678-1741 From Italy Composed concertos Antonio VIVALDI • Virtuoso violinist • Ordained priest • Wrote over 800 concertos (500 for solo • Taught violin at a girls’ orphanage in • Also wrote 100 operas • Wrote over 800 concertos (500 for solo • Majority of his works were unknown Venice violin & orchestra) • Majority of his works were unknown until the 1920s • The Four Seasons (c. 1725) violin & orch) until the 1920s (stored in a church archive) Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750 From Germany Composed cantatas JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH (1685 – 1750) • Famous for his fugues • Exceptionally skilled at the organ • The Well-Tempered Clavier - a collection of solo keyboard music written in all 12 Major and minor keys for tuning purpose Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) • Had 20 children -7 with 1st wife (his 2nd cousin) -13 with 2nd wife (singer) All children taught music • Three of his children, Johann Christian Bach (J.C. Bach), Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (C.P.E Bach), Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (W.F. Bach) became professional musicians • Wrote 200 sacred and secular cantatas (was not appreciated while alive) Some of Bach’s well-known music • • • • • • • Prelude in C Major Minuet in G Major Cello Suite #1 in G Major Jesu, joy of man’s desiring Air on G string Toccata and Fugue in D minor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6_0xOBeLNw George Frederic Handel 1685-1759 From England Composed oratorios GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL • Famous for oratorios • Composed over 40 Italian operas • Composed “Messiah” – “Hallelujah Chorus” is in this piece • Handel was a world traveler and man of the world Some of Handel’s well-known music • • • • • • Halleluia from Messiah Sarabande Largo Water music suite No. 1 Air Rinaldo: Lascia ch'io pianga https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ko_4bGGMOE8&index=10&list=PL 5A7BED41274063BB Comparison J.S. Bach Handel No operas Many operas Stayed in one area Traveled all over the world Had big family No marriage Problem personality Vocal Music Opera (secular) • Opera – “A drama that is primarily sung, accompanied by instruments, and presented on stage. Operas have scenery and costumes. Operas typically alternate between recitative, speech-like song that advances the plot, and arias, songs in which characters express feelings at particular points in the action. Choruses and dances are also frequently included.” (Baroque.org) Oratorio (sacred) • Oratorio – “An extended musical drama, with text based on religious subject matter, intended for performance without scenery, costumes or action. Oratorio originally meant ‘prayer hall.’ By the mid 17th century, they were performed in palaces and public theaters, and were growing increasingly similar to operas. However, the subject matter, division into two parts (instead of 3 acts), and absence of staged action still set them apart.” (Baroque.org) • Opera-length works with a clear storyline but without the production elements. • like a sacred opera, but action was not staged. Cantata (sacred) • Cantata – “An extended piece consisting of a succession of recitatives and set pieces such as arias, duets, and choruses. Cantatas originated in 17th century Italy, and began as secular works composed for solo voice and basso continuo. They were most likely performed at private social events.” (Baroque.org) • Literally meant “sung” • Designed specifically to be used in the Lutheran church service. It is a work for vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra, and organ. • Various churches today use cantatas to celebrate such holidays as Easter and Christmas. • J. S. Bach’s 200-plus cantatas were almost all written for weekly church services. Instrumental Music Sonata • Sonata – “is used to describe several types of pieces in the baroque era; it most commonly designates a work in several movements, for one or more instruments (most frequently violins), and basso continuo; a sonata for 2 violins, or other treble instruments, and bass was referred to as a trio sonata.” (Baroque.org) • Instrumental music with several movements. Concerto • Concerto – “Derived from the Italian ‘concertare,’ meaning to join to together/unite, the concerto took several forms during the era. Early in the period, a concerto was simply a composition that united a diverse ensemble consisting of voices, instruments, or both. Later, the concerto took on its modern definition, a multi-movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. The concerto grosso alternates a small group of soloists with a larger ensemble. The most dominant type of concerto in the 18th century was the solo concerto, which featured a single instrument in contrast with an ensemble. The most prolific composer of the solo concerto was Vivaldi.” (Baroque.org) Fugue • This is a polyphonic composition consisting of a series of successive melody imitations or the restatement in succession of identical or nearly identical musical material in 2 or more parts. A theme is introduced by one voice, repeated by other voices, and developed throughout the piece. Baroque Instruments Harpsichord Pipe Organ Flute Oboe Recorder Bassoon Trumpet Horn Viola Cello Lute Theorbo Dulcimer